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Allen H. Hu
Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan

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Journal article
Published: 22 March 2021 in Sustainability
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Municipal solid waste management is an environmental issue that has received considerable attention from researchers and environmental managers for decades. Supporting the management programs entail policies and regulations related to municipal solid waste. In developed countries, the implementation of environmental policies plays an important role and has a substantial impact on the effectiveness of solid waste management. However, in many developing countries such as Vietnam, the situation and effectiveness of the policy implementation have not been studied extensively. This investigation is conducted to ascertain the situation, limitations, and challenges in implementing solid waste management policy in Vietnam. Then, solutions for the problems and improvements for implementation efficiency are presented. This work used online questionnaires to survey environmental managers in different localities and applied qualitative research method to analyze data. The results show that not all national policies on solid waste management are implemented in all localities. Waste separation is also the foremost concern in municipal waste management in most localities of Vietnam. Most of the localities claimed that the unrealistic nature and difficult implementation of the policies and the lack of needed resources are the main limitations and challenges in Vietnam. Survey results also revealed that different localities in Vietnam have different solutions to increase policy implementation efficiency. Besides, the study also found similarities in the implementation of policies in solid waste management between Vietnam and some other countries and also gathered some valuable lessons for the improvement strategy. Finally, the implementation of an effective domestic solid waste management policy is an important platform for improving environmental quality and ensuring the sustainable development of the nation and mankind.

ACS Style

Lien Trinh; Allen Hu; Song Pham Phu. Situation, Challenges, and Solutions of Policy Implementation on Municipal Waste Management in Vietnam toward Sustainability. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3517 .

AMA Style

Lien Trinh, Allen Hu, Song Pham Phu. Situation, Challenges, and Solutions of Policy Implementation on Municipal Waste Management in Vietnam toward Sustainability. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (6):3517.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lien Trinh; Allen Hu; Song Pham Phu. 2021. "Situation, Challenges, and Solutions of Policy Implementation on Municipal Waste Management in Vietnam toward Sustainability." Sustainability 13, no. 6: 3517.

Journal article
Published: 23 February 2021 in Sustainability
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The growing recognition of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has been integrated globally into product design and business activities. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is considered a useful tool for designers to apply in the early stages of product design to mitigate the environmental impact. The study aims to identify the challenges of applying simplified LCA tools to improve the eco-efficiency of products and achieve a higher level of sustainable innovation. The study was conducted in a sustainable design course at Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, for four consecutive years. All challenges and opportunities by using ECO-it, Eco-indicators, and the Materials, Energy use, and Toxic emissions (MET) matrix to assess the environmental impact in each phase of 11 home appliances are presented and discussed. Results show the positive potential of applying the tools to achieve function innovation in design for sustainable innovation. The needs for guided instruction, the availability of the database, the complexity of a study product, and the overlooking of social dimensions are four major challenges in applying the tools in the early stages of product redesign. Further study in testing the tools and developing a database in collaboration with industries should be conducted to compare and validate the results.

ACS Style

Suphichaya Suppipat; Kulthida Teachavorasinskun; Allen Hu. Challenges of Applying Simplified LCA Tools in Sustainable Design Pedagogy. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2406 .

AMA Style

Suphichaya Suppipat, Kulthida Teachavorasinskun, Allen Hu. Challenges of Applying Simplified LCA Tools in Sustainable Design Pedagogy. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (4):2406.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Suphichaya Suppipat; Kulthida Teachavorasinskun; Allen Hu. 2021. "Challenges of Applying Simplified LCA Tools in Sustainable Design Pedagogy." Sustainability 13, no. 4: 2406.

Journal article
Published: 18 September 2020 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Environmental impact assessment studies have completely and rapidly focused on the shift from economic to environmental competitiveness in semiconductor packaging industries under the trend of small size and diverse semiconductor products. This study has two main objectives, namely, (1) to adopt traditional life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) for investigating the environmental damage of three packaging technologies, namely, ball grid array (BGA), flip chip (FC), and lead frame (LF). Two commonly used materials in 2017, namely, gold and copper wires, were analyzed. The functional unit was defined on the basis of the packaging volume (1 mm3); (2) to identify influential parameters for developing two parametric LCIA equations for the BGA. Results show that the semiconductor back-end industry should gradually replace gold wires with copper wires without affecting the function of products and should promote the low impact packaging technology (LF) while satisfying the customer’s demands. Tree influential parameters (packaging volume, wire mass, and lead counts) of LCIA are identified by regression analysis, and the lead count can be considered a worthwhile alternative parameter for allocation and establishing the parametric tool when the packaging volume of the product is unavailable. The parametric tool can reduce the time cost of collecting LCI data and avoid the analysis errors and uncertainty caused by the distribution. The research can serve as a guide for the PCRs (LCA-PCR) of the semiconductor industry for suitable alternative allocation principles and functional units.

ACS Style

Chien-Hung Kuo; Allen H. Hu; Lance Hongwei Hung; Kuei-Tzu Yang; Chen-Hua Wu. Life cycle impact assessment of semiconductor packaging technologies with emphasis on ball grid array. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 276, 124301 .

AMA Style

Chien-Hung Kuo, Allen H. Hu, Lance Hongwei Hung, Kuei-Tzu Yang, Chen-Hua Wu. Life cycle impact assessment of semiconductor packaging technologies with emphasis on ball grid array. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 276 ():124301.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chien-Hung Kuo; Allen H. Hu; Lance Hongwei Hung; Kuei-Tzu Yang; Chen-Hua Wu. 2020. "Life cycle impact assessment of semiconductor packaging technologies with emphasis on ball grid array." Journal of Cleaner Production 276, no. : 124301.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2019 in Environmental Engineering Science
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Carbon label, which is also known as the carbon footprint label or carbon emission label, is the sum of carbon dioxide emissions generated from each stage in the life cycle of a product. Reports show that human activities increase greenhouse gas concentrations and cause global warming. Carbon-labeling schemes could fill the gap in climate policies by influencing the behavior of consumers toward the purchasing of green products. This finding indicates the significance of developing an internally applicable carbon-labeling policy before releasing international standards. Therefore, this study intends to provide an analytic network process and strength–weakness–opportunity–threat analysis approach to prioritize the carbon-labeling policy in Taiwan. Results indicate that the best policies for implementing carbon labeling in Taiwan include promotion through multiple approaches, aggressive utilization of government resources, intensive participation in international events, and extensive launch of international knowledge. In addition, this article provides guidelines and systemic decision patterns for carbon-labeling implementation to help governments and firms to develop and adjust their strategy for future carbon label implementation.

ACS Style

Allen H. Hu; Chia-Hsiang Chen; Yi-Chen Lan; Meng-Ying Hong; Chien-Hung Kuo. Carbon-Labeling Implementation in Taiwan by Combining Strength–Weakness–Opportunity–Threat and Analytic Network Processes. Environmental Engineering Science 2019, 36, 541 -550.

AMA Style

Allen H. Hu, Chia-Hsiang Chen, Yi-Chen Lan, Meng-Ying Hong, Chien-Hung Kuo. Carbon-Labeling Implementation in Taiwan by Combining Strength–Weakness–Opportunity–Threat and Analytic Network Processes. Environmental Engineering Science. 2019; 36 (5):541-550.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Allen H. Hu; Chia-Hsiang Chen; Yi-Chen Lan; Meng-Ying Hong; Chien-Hung Kuo. 2019. "Carbon-Labeling Implementation in Taiwan by Combining Strength–Weakness–Opportunity–Threat and Analytic Network Processes." Environmental Engineering Science 36, no. 5: 541-550.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2019 in Energies
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Climate change is an important global environmental threat. Agriculture aggravates climate change by increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and in response, climate change reduces agricultural productivity. Consequently, the modern agricultural development mode has progressively transformed into a kind of sustainable development mode. This study aimed to determine the environmental impact and carbon footprint of Dongshan tea from Yilan County. Environmental impact was assessed with use of SimaPro version 8.0.2 and IMPACT2002+. Results showed that climate change has the largest impact upon it in general, followed by human health, natural resources, and ecosystem quality. Furthermore, with use of the IPCC 2007 100a method for carbon footprint of products (CFP), conventional tea was found to have a CFP of 7.035 kgCO2-e, and its main contributors are the raw material (35.15%) and consumer use (45.58%) phases. From this case study, we found that the hotspots of the life cycle of environmental impact of Taiwanese tea mainly come from fertilizer input during the raw material phase, electricity use during manufacturing, and electricity use during water boiling in the consumer use phase (which contributes the largest impact). We propose the ways for consumers to use of highly efficient boiling water facilities and heating preservation, and the government must market the use of organic fertilizers in the national policy subsidies, and farmers have to prudent use of fertilizers and promote the use of local raw fertilizers, and engagement in direct sales for reducing the environmental impacts and costs of agricultural products and thus advancing sustainable agriculture development.

ACS Style

Allen H. Hu; Chia-Hsiang Chen; Lance Hongwei Huang; Ming-Hsiu Chung; Yi-Chen Lan; Zhonghua Chen. Environmental Impact and Carbon Footprint Assessment of Taiwanese Agricultural Products: A Case Study on Taiwanese Dongshan Tea. Energies 2019, 12, 138 .

AMA Style

Allen H. Hu, Chia-Hsiang Chen, Lance Hongwei Huang, Ming-Hsiu Chung, Yi-Chen Lan, Zhonghua Chen. Environmental Impact and Carbon Footprint Assessment of Taiwanese Agricultural Products: A Case Study on Taiwanese Dongshan Tea. Energies. 2019; 12 (1):138.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Allen H. Hu; Chia-Hsiang Chen; Lance Hongwei Huang; Ming-Hsiu Chung; Yi-Chen Lan; Zhonghua Chen. 2019. "Environmental Impact and Carbon Footprint Assessment of Taiwanese Agricultural Products: A Case Study on Taiwanese Dongshan Tea." Energies 12, no. 1: 138.

Conference paper
Published: 22 September 2018 in Waste Management and Resource Efficiency
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Waste has been identified as one of the main sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions resulting from global population growth. Climate change and resource scarcity have emerged as pressing environmental issues in recent years. Resource recycling and recovery have been proven effective ways of implementing circular economy and GHG reduction to maintain sustainable resource use. Calcium fluoride sludge and hydrofluoric acid are the primary wastes generated from the electronics industry, such as from semiconductors, liquid crystal displays, light-emitting diodes, solar cells and other optoelectronic sectors. The accumulation of such waste has become a major problem of Taiwan’s electronics industry. If not properly treated or managed, electronic waste would cause serious health and environmental problems; however, if recycled, they can be recovered and transformed into artificial fluorite (CaF2) and sodium fluorosilicate (NaSiF6), which have economic and environmental benefits. For example, CaF2 can be applied as fluxing agent to replace raw fluorite in the steel industry. Moreover, both materials can be used as substitutes for cement in construction. The main objective of this study is to evaluate carbon footprint of renewable material from calcium fluoride sludge to understand the carbon emission of waste reuse method from a life cycle perspective. The scope and system boundary of the assessment will be determined on the basis of literature review and expert consultation. Data for calculating carbon footprints will be collected by in situ inventory and from the literature. The commercial software SimaPro 8.2.0 will be used for calculations. The results of carbon footprint may be used to develop strategies for life cycle management of waste reuse to realize sustainable usage.

ACS Style

Allen H. Hu; Chien-Hung Kuo; Ciao-Sin Hong; Lance Hongwei Huang. Carbon Footprint Assessment of Recycling Fluorspar from Waste Calcium Fluoride (CaF2) Sludge. Waste Management and Resource Efficiency 2018, 685 -693.

AMA Style

Allen H. Hu, Chien-Hung Kuo, Ciao-Sin Hong, Lance Hongwei Huang. Carbon Footprint Assessment of Recycling Fluorspar from Waste Calcium Fluoride (CaF2) Sludge. Waste Management and Resource Efficiency. 2018; ():685-693.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Allen H. Hu; Chien-Hung Kuo; Ciao-Sin Hong; Lance Hongwei Huang. 2018. "Carbon Footprint Assessment of Recycling Fluorspar from Waste Calcium Fluoride (CaF2) Sludge." Waste Management and Resource Efficiency , no. : 685-693.

Conference paper
Published: 22 September 2018 in Waste Management and Resource Efficiency
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After a series of policy measures and economic incentives imposed by the government in the early 90s, the waste management in Taiwan has achieved an impressive result and the national recycling rate was increased from 21 to 62% during 2003 to 2012. However, waste management problems still may happen when a new business trend emerges such as a new technology, product, or a consumption pattern. The government thus began to adopt the concept of sustainable materials management (SMM) brought by OECD to manage all materials in a systematic way. Other than SMM, the initiates of circular economy emerge as a new trend recently in Europe to transform the conventional linear economy practice into a circular one and the prospect of circular economy in Taiwan is discussed herein.

ACS Style

Leon Tzou; Kun-Hsing Liu; Allen H. Hu. The Development of Sustainable Materials Management (SMM) and Circular Economy in Taiwan. Waste Management and Resource Efficiency 2018, 209 -217.

AMA Style

Leon Tzou, Kun-Hsing Liu, Allen H. Hu. The Development of Sustainable Materials Management (SMM) and Circular Economy in Taiwan. Waste Management and Resource Efficiency. 2018; ():209-217.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Leon Tzou; Kun-Hsing Liu; Allen H. Hu. 2018. "The Development of Sustainable Materials Management (SMM) and Circular Economy in Taiwan." Waste Management and Resource Efficiency , no. : 209-217.

Comparative study
Published: 01 February 2017 in Waste Management
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Rare earth elements are key raw materials in high-technology industries. Mining activities and manufacturing processes of such industries have caused considerable environmental impacts, such as soil erosion, vegetation destruction, and various forms of pollution. Sustaining the long-term supply of rare earth elements is difficult because of the global shortage of rare earth resources. The diminishing supply of rare earth elements has attracted considerable concern because many industrialized countries regarded such elements as important strategic resources for economic growth. This study aims to explore the carbon footprints of yttrium and europium recovery techniques from phosphor. Two extraction recovery methods, namely, acid extraction and solvent extraction, were selected for the analysis and comparison of carbon footprints. The two following functional units were used: (1) the same phosphor amounts for specific Y and Eu recovery concentrations, and (2) the same phosphor amounts for extraction. For acid extraction method, two acidic solutions (HSO and HCl) were used at two different temperatures (60 and 90°C). For solvent extraction method, acid leaching was performed followed by ionic liquid extraction. Carbon footprints from acid and solvent extraction methods were estimated to be 10.1 and 10.6kgCOeq, respectively. Comparison of the carbon emissions of the two extraction methods shows that the solvent extraction method has significantly higher extraction efficiency, even though acid extraction method has a lower carbon footprint. These results may be used to develop strategies for life cycle management of rare earth resources to realize sustainable usage.

ACS Style

Allen H. Hu; Chien-Hung Kuo; Lance H. Huang; Chao-Chin Su. Carbon footprint assessment of recycling technologies for rare earth elements: A case study of recycling yttrium and europium from phosphor. Waste Management 2017, 60, 765 -774.

AMA Style

Allen H. Hu, Chien-Hung Kuo, Lance H. Huang, Chao-Chin Su. Carbon footprint assessment of recycling technologies for rare earth elements: A case study of recycling yttrium and europium from phosphor. Waste Management. 2017; 60 ():765-774.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Allen H. Hu; Chien-Hung Kuo; Lance H. Huang; Chao-Chin Su. 2017. "Carbon footprint assessment of recycling technologies for rare earth elements: A case study of recycling yttrium and europium from phosphor." Waste Management 60, no. : 765-774.

Journal article
Published: 25 December 2016 in Sustainability
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Depleting fossil fuel sources and worsening global warming are two of the most serious world problems. Many renewable energy technologies are continuously being developed to overcome these challenges. Among these technologies, high-concentration photovoltaics (HCPV) is a promising technology that reduces the use of expensive photovoltaic materials to achieve highly efficient energy conversion. This reduction process is achieved by adopting concentrating and tracking technologies. This study intends to understand and assess the carbon footprint and energy payback time (EPBT) of HCPV modules during their entire life cycles. The social benefit of carbon reduction is also evaluated as another indicator to assess the energy alternatives. An HCPV module and a tracker from the Institute of Nuclear Energy Research (INER) were applied, and SimaPro 8.0.2 was used for the assessment. The functional unit used in this study was 1 kWh, which is produced by HCPV, and inventory data was sourced from Ecoinvent 3.0 and the Taiwan carbon footprint calculation database. The carbon footprint, EPBT, and social benefit of carbon reduction were evaluated as 107.69 g CO2eq/kWh, 2.61 years, and 0.022 USD/kWh, respectively. Direct normal irradiation (DNI), life expectancy, and the degradation rate of HCPV system were subjected to sensitivity analysis. Results show that the influence of lifetime assumption under a low DNI value is greater than those under high DNI values. Degradation rate is also another important factor when assessing the carbon footprint of HCPV under a low DNI value and a long lifetime assumption. The findings of this study can provide several insights for the development of the Taiwanese solar industry.

ACS Style

Allen H. Hu; Lance Hongwei Huang; Sylvia Lou; Chien-Hung Kuo; Chin-Yao Huang; Ke-Jen Chian; Hao-Ting Chien; Hwen-Fen Hong. Assessment of the Carbon Footprint, Social Benefit of Carbon Reduction, and Energy Payback Time of a High-Concentration Photovoltaic System. Sustainability 2016, 9, 27 .

AMA Style

Allen H. Hu, Lance Hongwei Huang, Sylvia Lou, Chien-Hung Kuo, Chin-Yao Huang, Ke-Jen Chian, Hao-Ting Chien, Hwen-Fen Hong. Assessment of the Carbon Footprint, Social Benefit of Carbon Reduction, and Energy Payback Time of a High-Concentration Photovoltaic System. Sustainability. 2016; 9 (1):27.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Allen H. Hu; Lance Hongwei Huang; Sylvia Lou; Chien-Hung Kuo; Chin-Yao Huang; Ke-Jen Chian; Hao-Ting Chien; Hwen-Fen Hong. 2016. "Assessment of the Carbon Footprint, Social Benefit of Carbon Reduction, and Energy Payback Time of a High-Concentration Photovoltaic System." Sustainability 9, no. 1: 27.

Journal article
Published: 25 August 2015 in Sustainability
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Road transport accounts for 72.06% of total transport CO2, which is considered a cause of climate change. At present, the use of alternative fuels has become a pressing issue and a significant number of automakers and scholars have devoted themselves to the study and subsequent development of alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs). The evaluation of AFVs should consider not only air pollution reduction and fuel efficiency but also AFV sustainability. In general, the field of sustainable development is subdivided into three areas: economic, environmental, and social. On the basis of the sustainable development perspective, this study presents an evaluation framework for AFVs by using the DEMATEL-based analytical network process. The results reveal that the five most important criteria are price, added value, user acceptance, reduction of hazardous substances, and dematerialization. Price is the most important criterion because it can improve the popularity of AFVs and affect other criteria, including user acceptance. Additional, the energy usage criterion is expected to significantly affect the sustainable development of AFVs. These results should be seriously considered by automakers and governments in developing AFVs.

ACS Style

Dong-Shang Chang; Sheng-Hung Chen; Chia-Wei Hsu; Allen H. Hu; Gwo-Hshiung Tzeng. Evaluation Framework for Alternative Fuel Vehicles: Sustainable Development Perspective. Sustainability 2015, 7, 11570 -11594.

AMA Style

Dong-Shang Chang, Sheng-Hung Chen, Chia-Wei Hsu, Allen H. Hu, Gwo-Hshiung Tzeng. Evaluation Framework for Alternative Fuel Vehicles: Sustainable Development Perspective. Sustainability. 2015; 7 (9):11570-11594.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dong-Shang Chang; Sheng-Hung Chen; Chia-Wei Hsu; Allen H. Hu; Gwo-Hshiung Tzeng. 2015. "Evaluation Framework for Alternative Fuel Vehicles: Sustainable Development Perspective." Sustainability 7, no. 9: 11570-11594.

Journal article
Published: 17 June 2015 in Sustainability
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Sustainable development has always been the objective of many fields, including the tourism and transportation sector. However, a major part of this sector, the airline industry, deals with many negative impacts, such as air pollution, noise, CO2 emission, and labor practice. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a strategic business activity that can enhance the sustainability of the airline industry. The results of the Dow Jones Sustainability Indices (DJSI) reveal that airlines of Western countries exhibit a more remarkable CSR performance than Asia-Pacific airlines, suggesting that the CSR programs of Asia-Pacific airlines need improvement. By constructing an evaluation hierarchy and applying the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) method, this study found that the key strategic factors in the airline industry’s implementation of CSR include corporate governance, risk and crisis management, brand management, and product responsibility (safety).

ACS Style

Dong-Shang Chang; Sheng-Hung Chen; Chia-Wei Hsu; Allen H. Hu. Identifying Strategic Factors of the Implantation CSR in the Airline Industry: The Case of Asia-Pacific Airlines. Sustainability 2015, 7, 7762 -7783.

AMA Style

Dong-Shang Chang, Sheng-Hung Chen, Chia-Wei Hsu, Allen H. Hu. Identifying Strategic Factors of the Implantation CSR in the Airline Industry: The Case of Asia-Pacific Airlines. Sustainability. 2015; 7 (6):7762-7783.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dong-Shang Chang; Sheng-Hung Chen; Chia-Wei Hsu; Allen H. Hu. 2015. "Identifying Strategic Factors of the Implantation CSR in the Airline Industry: The Case of Asia-Pacific Airlines." Sustainability 7, no. 6: 7762-7783.

Original articles
Published: 26 May 2015 in International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology
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The accommodation sector is the most demanding energy consumer among all building stock categories. This study quantifies an international tourist hotel in Taiwan to holistically estimate the greenhouse gas emissions of hotel accommodation services through a complete life cycle inventory. The study also investigates the difference between the carbon emissions of the baseline and reduction years to understand the effects of carbon emission reduction on the hotel industry. Results show that energy consumption is the main source of carbon footprint. However, the carbon emissions of other activities, such as the production and transportation of hotel amenities and laundry services, are 15.90% for the baseline year and 16.03% for the reduction year. These values are larger than the 5% cutoff rule according to PAS 2050. Thus, these factors should also be considered in assessing the carbon emissions of accommodation services. Hotel occupancy rate significantly affects carbon emissions during a one-night stay in a standard room as the functional unit. The selection of the functional unit should be considered in the hotel strategy. Although this case study involves an international tourist hotel in Taiwan, the findings and recommendations for improvements can be applied elsewhere.

ACS Style

Allen H. Hu; Ching-Yao Huang; Chi-Fu Chen; Chien-Hung Kuo; Chia-Wei Hsu. Assessing carbon footprint in the life cycle of accommodation services: the case of an international tourist hotel. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 2015, 22, 313 -323.

AMA Style

Allen H. Hu, Ching-Yao Huang, Chi-Fu Chen, Chien-Hung Kuo, Chia-Wei Hsu. Assessing carbon footprint in the life cycle of accommodation services: the case of an international tourist hotel. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology. 2015; 22 (4):313-323.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Allen H. Hu; Ching-Yao Huang; Chi-Fu Chen; Chien-Hung Kuo; Chia-Wei Hsu. 2015. "Assessing carbon footprint in the life cycle of accommodation services: the case of an international tourist hotel." International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 22, no. 4: 313-323.