Humanity is on a deeply unsustainable trajectory. We are exceeding planetary boundaries and unlikely to meet many international sustainable development goals and global environmental targets. Until recently, there was no broadly accepted framework of interventions that could ignite the transformations needed to achieve these desired targets and goals. As a component of the IPBES Global Assessment, we conducted an iterative expert deliberation process with an extensive review of scenarios and pathways to sustainability, including the broader literature on indirect drivers, social change and sustainability transformation. We asked, what are the most important elements of pathways to sustainability? Applying a social–ecological systems lens, we identified eight priority points for intervention (leverage points) and five overarching strategic actions and priority interventions (levers), which appear to be key to societal transformation. The eight leverage points are: (1) Visions of a good life, (2) Total consumption and waste, (3) Latent values of responsibility, (4) Inequalities, (5) Justice and inclusion in conservation, (6) Externalities from trade and other telecouplings, (7) Responsible technology, innovation and investment, and (8) Education and knowledge generation and sharing. The five intertwined levers can be applied across the eight leverage points and more broadly. These include: (A) Incentives and capacity building, (B) Coordination across sectors and jurisdictions, (C) Pre‐emptive action, (D) Adaptive decision‐making and (E) Environmental law and implementation. The levers and leverage points are all non‐substitutable, and each enables others, likely leading to synergistic benefits. Transformative change towards sustainable pathways requires more than a simple scaling‐up of sustainability initiatives—it entails addressing these levers and leverage points to change the fabric of legal, political, economic and other social systems. These levers and leverage points build upon those approved within the Global Assessment's Summary for Policymakers, with the aim of enabling leaders in government, business, civil society and academia to spark transformative changes towards a more just and sustainable world. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

Egypt is one of the top 20 producers of potato worldwide and the first largest producer and exporter of potatoes in Africa in 2019. The aim of this study was to evaluate the adaptation strategies that have been developed by potato farmers in Egypt to cope with climate change impacts. This was achieved by a) Identifying influences of local climate changes, b) Conduct an economic analysis of potato cultivation in the study area, c) Recognizing the influences of farm management practices on potato cultivation stages through consultation, questionnaires, and interviewing local farmers and producers. Results revealed that climate variability had major impacts on potato production in Egypt during the last 15 years. Nowadays, December and January can be considered hazardous months for potato plants, as the plants cannot tolerate the low temperature during these two months. In order to minimize climate change impacts on potato production in Egypt, the following adaptation practices were developed by farmers. To avoid the impacts of high temperatures, farmers should prevent irrigation during the daytime till sunset and irrigate during the night. In case of low temperature, applying irrigation in low quantities with small amounts of ammonia acid through continuous cycles during both day and night will significantly increase the plants’ resistance. Also, fencing the farms with tree lines and viaducts will reduce flooding hazards. Finally, adjusting planting dates between the 1st of October until the end of November may help in mitigating the impact of new potato diseases.

Studying the regional geography of one country means expanding all associat ed physiographic and human aspects, as well as their interrelation and distributions. This study aims to seek an answer to what actually the scope of geographic region to b e studied to understand one country’s geographic region. We took Indonesia as a case as Indonesia has a very unique geographic position as well as its archipelago. The met hod of this research is using content analysis from related literatures, and from the results of forum group discussions as well as short survey to the foreign summer cours e participants regarding the Indonesia’s geographic region. The results of this study shown the scopes have been identified including the territorial boundaries, continent boundary, administrative border, and its position; physical and landscape; biodiversit y and natural resources; marine resources; the culture: ethnic groups, languages, arts, customs; natural disasters and tourism. Those scopes have been found effective and a ttractive for the participants who joint the summer program. Nevertheless, we also inc luded how the global connectedness to the Indonesian geographic region as a new perspe ctive of regional geography.