The Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union remains at the top tier of the union’s legacies with the aim of bequeathing a sustainable future for all. Series of actions geared towards reforming the environmental and climate goals of the CAP are constantly being taken. The objective of this paper is to verify if the environmental and climatic CAP measures proposed in Poland’s Strategic Development Plan for Agriculture, for the years 2023–2027, reflect farmers’ preferences regarding the structure of the CAP support. To achieve this goal, we model a hypothetical strategic game involving farmers from different regions. The outcomes of the game were derived from the ex-post analysis of EU funds, in the application for environmental and climatic CAP measures, in addition to the results of simulations of the partial equilibrium model for the agricultural sector (CAPRI). It was found out that farmers from regions with disadvantaged agrarian structures would find it more difficult to cope with new eco-schemes due to the fact that good agricultural practices are rather low in such regions. For the long-term development of Polish agriculture, the agrarian structures need to be improved, as this affects the emission of greenhouse gases. The varying preferences of farmers from different Polish regions in implementing eco-schemes can be balanced by increasing redistributive payments.

This article analyzes and evaluates the levels of socio-economic development of Polish voivodeships in two periods, 2010–2012 and 2020–2022. The purpose of this study was to outline regional disparities in development across the regions of Poland. To achieve the purpose of this study, 12 diagnostic characteristics were used, which were systematized by economic and social categories. Using the TOPSIS method, provinces were grouped, distinguishing between regions with the highest, high, low, and lowest levels of development. The approach adopted in this study identified changes in the processes of socio-economic development of Polish voivodeships in the analyzed years, highlighting clear spatial and structural differences. The findings can equip authorities in creating improved development plans and targeted responses to any shortcomings encountered.

The main aim of the article was to establish and present the relationship between the production potential of agriculture in Poland’s voivodships and the utilization of funds from selected Rural Development Programs (RDP) 2014-2020. The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union has Rural Development as the “second pillar” with the objectives of enhancing the competitiveness of agriculture and forestry; ensuring the sustainable management of natural resources and climate action; and overall development of rural economies. The materials for the paper are based on data connected with the resources of production factors in Polish agriculture as well as data on EU agricultural funds in Poland under RDP 2014-2020 made available by the Polish Central Statistical Office (GUS) and the Agency for Restructuring and Modernization of Agriculture (ARMA). The analysis showed that the diversification of the agricultural production potential of the different regions in Poland had an influence on the activity of farmers in applying for RDP measures. Based on the regional absorption of funds, there should be a wider range of conditions required to access selected EU programs in order to strengthen farms in areas with lower production potential.

Although the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights marks a formal legal milestone, the regional human rights framework remains deeply constrained because Art. 34(6) of its Protocol narrowly limits direct individual access. The voluntary nature of the direct access declaration compounded by State pushback, selective withdrawals, and institutional inertia within the African Commission’s referral framework generates structural jurisdictional obstacles that effectively exclude individual litigants and non-governmental organizations from accessing legal remedies. The paper critically analyze how jurisdictional limitations under Art. 5 and Art. 34(6) stifle public interest litigation. The paper employs a doctrinal legal methodology, conducting a rigorous exegesis through the systematic analysis of primary and secondary sources. Consequently, the core questions are: what specific State ratification patterns and Art. 34(6) declarations currently impedes individual and non-governmental organizations access to the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights? How can institutional frameworks be redesigned to protect applicants and local actors from State retaliation after filing a case? What structural lessons can the African Court learn from the European Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights regarding standing and direct petitions? What precise legal amendments to the protocol establishing the Court are required to make direct individual access universal and mandatory for all State parties? These core questions serve as the foundational axis of this paper, dictating the trajectory of the analysis. The paper finds that Art. 34(6) create a bottleneck, leading to severe under-utilization with only a handful of ratifying States and subsequent strategic State withdrawals. It concludes that optional direct access under Art. 34(6) of the African Court Protocol severely fragments regional justice, requiring mandatory institutional referral rules and universal State ratification to transition from a symbolic tribunal to an effective human rights remedy.

There is increasing relevance and interest in the concept of well-being in economics with economists and policy makers viewing it as very critical in gauging the pulse of an economy. It is seen as a key component in the evaluation of the performance and progress of an economy in addition to traditional economic indicators such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Income per capita. This paper, based on a detailed review of literature aims to present the contributory factors of subjective perception of well-being among Nigeria’s rural inhabitants. It focuses on papers which examine the concept of well-being from renowned academic databases like Elsevier and ScienceDirect. This review provides a background to the complexities and variations of the concept of well-being as well as gaining an in-depth understanding of existing research and opinions on the subject matter. The conclusions from the research show that subjective well-being is multi-dimensional and understanding its multi-dimensional nature can help in shaping economic policies. With respect to rural Nigeria, housing, infrastructure, community engagements and financial security are highly contributory to the subjective perception of an individual’s well-being. With a holistic grasp of these factors, local government authorities may device means to create an environment of prosperity and fulfillment in order for the inhabitants to thrive and contribute to the economic development of their communities.