MiRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules that play critical roles in the regulation of gene expression and have been closely associated with various diseases, including cancer. These molecules significantly influence the cell cycle of tumor cells and control programmed cell death (apoptosis). Currently, research on miRNAs has become a major focus in developing cancer therapies. Osteosarcoma, a malignant neoplasm predominantly occurring during adolescence and later in life, is characterized by a high propensity for metastasis. This review explores the role of miRNAs in the initiation and progression of cancer, highlighting their potential as predictive biomarkers for disease. It discusses the mechanisms by which natural products modulate miRNA activity to influence apoptosis, ferroptosis, and autophagy in osteosarcoma cells, aiming to identify new strategies for osteosarcoma treatment. Recent studies on how natural products regulate miRNAs to reduce tumor cell resistance to chemotherapy are also reviewed. Furthermore, the review elaborates on how natural products regulate m6A modifications to influence miRNA expression, thereby exerting antitumor effects. In this process, interactions between m6A modifications and miRNAs have been identified, with both jointly influencing tumorigenesis and cancer progression, offering a new perspective in osteosarcoma treatment. These approaches could help uncover novel regulatory mechanisms in osteosarcoma pathways and provide a theoretical foundation for developing new drugs and identifying novel therapeutic targets.

Background: This study aims to investigate the recent research hotspots and frontiers in the field of exosomes, offering a comprehensive review of advancements in exosome research and elucidating their implications and future directions. Methods: English-language exosome-related literature indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection database from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2024, was retrieved, and the data were analyzed using CiteSpace and VOSviewer software. Results: A total of 26,458 articles were included. The annual publication volume showed steady growth before 2022, followed by fluctuations and stabilization after 2022. The most prolific author was Takahiro Ochiya; the institution with the highest output was Shanghai Jiao Tong University; China was the leading country in terms of publications and maintained extensive collaborations with other nations. Conclusion: Current exosome research primarily focuses on pharmacological effects, drug delivery, and diagnostic applications, attracting global scholarly attention and demonstrating promising development momentum.

Background/Objective: Plant-derived vesicular preparations are a heterogeneous class of products being studied for their potential applications in cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, and metabolic disorders. This review focuses primarily on oncology as a case study while also exploring findings in other non-oncological fields, evaluating the source of the preparations, the causal relationships of their constituents, and the evidence for their translational applications. Methods: On 29 September 2026, we updated the authors’ compiled reference list through a PubMed search of the literature and verified the preparation type, dosage, and mechanism of action in the cited original studies. Results: The existing evidence still primarily stems from preclinical studies. Three tissue-destructive formulations validated by intervention studies provide more informative oncological mechanisms than studies involving only the ingestion process; however, none met the criteria for comprehensive evidence regarding secreted plant-derived vesicles (PDEVs). Across different models, ginger formulations modulate intestinal inflammation and insulin response, while lemon and orange formulations are associated with hepatic redox or metabolic outcomes. These products and their endpoints cannot be consolidated into a single mechanism of action or efficacy assessment. Conclusions: Across various indications, product identity, active dose, target cell exposure, causal intervention, comparators, and the safety of repeated dosing remain essential before clinical claims can be made. Unless new therapeutic uses can be demonstrated, reformulation of existing drugs constitutes merely a formulation improvement.

Traditional discipline‑based medical curricula often separate basic sciences from clinical training, leaving students struggling to integrate knowled