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Yan Li
Institute of Land Science and Property, School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China

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Journal article
Published: 10 March 2021 in Environmental Pollution
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Heavy metal pollution is a notable threat to agricultural production. Soil heavy metal pollution can cause potential ecological risk (ERI), and crop heavy metal pollution can cause human health risk (HRI). However, most previous studies partially focused on heavy metal pollution in soil or crop but often neglected the relationship between them. Actually, soil heavy metal can pollute crops to some extent, while not all heavy metal pollution in crops comes from soil. The inner relationship of pollution risk in soil-crop system is worth attention. In this study, we selected Ningbo as the study region and used sample data to assess both soil and crop heavy metal risks, in order to explore the differences between heavy metal contamination risks in soil and crops as well as the relationships between heavy metal contents in soil and crops. Our results showed that Hg was the most polluted heavy metal in soil, which led to the highest ecological risk in Jiangbei (Comprehensive ERI = 567) with the maximum ERI of Hg (430). However, As in crops contributed the most to health risk and caused the highest health risk in Fenghua (HRI = 10) with the largest contribution of 64.5%. Such differences of pollution risk assessment indicated that the contents of the same heavy metal were inconsistent in soil and crops. Our results further showed that the heavy metals in soil had the greatest influence on Zn in crops. Pb and Cr in soil had synergistic effects on the crop absorption of Zn, whereas As, Hg and Cu played antagonistic roles in the crop absorption of Zn. Our study confirms that heavy metals in soil would variously influence heavy metals in crops and the interaction of heavy metals is very important for pollution risk control, which have been largely ignored yet.

ACS Style

Mingtao Xiang; Yan Li; Jiayu Yang; Kaige Lei; Yi Li; Feng Li; Daofu Zheng; Xiaoqian Fang; Yu Cao. Heavy metal contamination risk assessment and correlation analysis of heavy metal contents in soil and crops. Environmental Pollution 2021, 278, 116911 .

AMA Style

Mingtao Xiang, Yan Li, Jiayu Yang, Kaige Lei, Yi Li, Feng Li, Daofu Zheng, Xiaoqian Fang, Yu Cao. Heavy metal contamination risk assessment and correlation analysis of heavy metal contents in soil and crops. Environmental Pollution. 2021; 278 ():116911.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mingtao Xiang; Yan Li; Jiayu Yang; Kaige Lei; Yi Li; Feng Li; Daofu Zheng; Xiaoqian Fang; Yu Cao. 2021. "Heavy metal contamination risk assessment and correlation analysis of heavy metal contents in soil and crops." Environmental Pollution 278, no. : 116911.

Journal article
Published: 23 January 2021 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Urban areas are the most densely populated place. Human urban activities consume about 70% of the world’s energy and emit nearly 80% of global greenhouse gases. Studying urban carbon metabolism can provide new ideas for urban low carbon development. This paper established an urban carbon metabolism analogy model based on Kleiber’s law, and used panel data of urban construction land scale from three districts in Hangzhou, to discuss whether urban carbon metabolism was analogous to biological metabolism. We found that the β exponent of the carbon metabolism model in urban traffic land was greater than 1, indicating carbon metabolism in traffic land was not similar to biological metabolism; the β exponents in industrial land, other urban construction lands, and the overall construction land were less than 1, which indicated the existence of an analogy between carbon metabolism and biological metabolism. So urban carbon metabolism was generally similar to that of living organisms, that is, larger cities had higher energy efficiency. Coupled with the population to further control variables, we found there was a negative correlation between population size and carbon emission rate, so the benefits from the increase of construction land scale were enlarged by the effects of population size. Therefore, the government of developed cities of developing countries can build larger cities to achieve low-carbon development and pay more attention to the rationalization and adjustment of transportation land use to alleviate traffic congestion. This study provides differentiated guidance for collaboration on sustainable urban development at different levels of government.

ACS Style

Yan Li; Jiayu Shen; Chuyu Xia; Mingtao Xiang; Yu Cao; Jiayu Yang. The impact of urban scale on carbon metabolism -- a case study of Hangzhou, China. Journal of Cleaner Production 2021, 292, 126055 .

AMA Style

Yan Li, Jiayu Shen, Chuyu Xia, Mingtao Xiang, Yu Cao, Jiayu Yang. The impact of urban scale on carbon metabolism -- a case study of Hangzhou, China. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021; 292 ():126055.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yan Li; Jiayu Shen; Chuyu Xia; Mingtao Xiang; Yu Cao; Jiayu Yang. 2021. "The impact of urban scale on carbon metabolism -- a case study of Hangzhou, China." Journal of Cleaner Production 292, no. : 126055.

Journal article
Published: 31 July 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Rapid urbanization has posed numerous negative impacts on the environment, including fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution. However, quantitative investigations of the PM2.5 concentration trends over an urban-rural gradient at the local level are still lacking. The urban particulate matter island (UPI) effect, representing the phenomenon that high particle concentrations in urban areas are gradually attenuated to surrounding areas, was adopted and modified in this paper to study the Hangzhou Bay area from 2000 to 2015. We found the following: (1) every urban area in the Hangzhou Bay area experienced rapid expansion, especially during 2000–2005; (2) more than half of the urban areas suffered UPI problems, and these urban areas had relatively high and stable UPI intensity (UPII) values, although the UPI footprint (UPIFP) values decreased with urban expansion; and (3) urban areas could be divided into three categories: plain areas, hilly areas and the junction of plains and hills, and the probability of the UPI effect varied significantly for different categories. This paper can compensate for the lack of research on the UPI effect at the local level and provide scientific evidence for air pollution control during urban agglomeration planning.

ACS Style

Yu Cao; Xiaoqian Fang; Jiayi Wang; Guoyu Li; Yu Cao; Yan Li. Measuring the Urban Particulate Matter Island Effect with Rapid Urban Expansion. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 5535 .

AMA Style

Yu Cao, Xiaoqian Fang, Jiayi Wang, Guoyu Li, Yu Cao, Yan Li. Measuring the Urban Particulate Matter Island Effect with Rapid Urban Expansion. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (15):5535.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yu Cao; Xiaoqian Fang; Jiayi Wang; Guoyu Li; Yu Cao; Yan Li. 2020. "Measuring the Urban Particulate Matter Island Effect with Rapid Urban Expansion." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 15: 5535.

Journal article
Published: 05 June 2020 in Land Use Policy
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Understanding the co-occurrence of multiple ecosystem services within farming systems and how they are associated across space are relatively new topics. Quantifying ecosystem services and their interactions as dependent on cropland management can help to formulate a more effective and sustainable land use management system. However, current academic efforts and cropland management practices based on the perspective of ecosystem services bundles and tradeoffs remain limited, especially in developing countries. This paper aimed to integrate ecosystem services into cropland protection and functional zoning. Taking Cixi County in the Hangzhou Bay area, China, as the case study area, five typical ecosystem services (food supply, carbon sequestration, hydrological regulation, soil fertility and recreation potential) delivered by croplands and their correlations were quantitatively assessed. The results demonstrated a heterogeneous spatial pattern of multiple ecosystem services and diverse interactions between them, which depended on regional specific conditions and agricultural activities. Further, we adopted the framework of ecosystem services bundles as a planning tool to support the spatial strategy of cropland management. Cropland protection priority and functional zoning were determined by hotspot analysis and clustering algorithms, respectively. The croplands in Cixi were classified into three protection grades and a zoning scheme comprising four functional types with policy guidelines was proposed based on the spatial cluster results. The integrative approach used in this study is applicable to supplement the current cropland management actions by incorporating the perspective of ecosystem services tradeoff and bundles.

ACS Style

Yu Cao; Guoyu Li; Yuhan Tian; Xiaoqian Fang; Yan Li; Yongzhong Tan. Linking ecosystem services trade-offs, bundles and hotspot identification with cropland management in the coastal Hangzhou Bay area of China. Land Use Policy 2020, 97, 104689 .

AMA Style

Yu Cao, Guoyu Li, Yuhan Tian, Xiaoqian Fang, Yan Li, Yongzhong Tan. Linking ecosystem services trade-offs, bundles and hotspot identification with cropland management in the coastal Hangzhou Bay area of China. Land Use Policy. 2020; 97 ():104689.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yu Cao; Guoyu Li; Yuhan Tian; Xiaoqian Fang; Yan Li; Yongzhong Tan. 2020. "Linking ecosystem services trade-offs, bundles and hotspot identification with cropland management in the coastal Hangzhou Bay area of China." Land Use Policy 97, no. : 104689.

Journal article
Published: 03 March 2020 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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There is a growing recognition that optimizing urban form can reduce road transport-related carbon emissions, particularly in carbon emissions by daily travel. In this study, we proposed an improved bottom-up approach combining Vehicle Specific Power (VSP) model and Enhanced Two-Step Floating Catchment Area (E2SFCA) method to estimate the carbon emissions by daily travel. Then, a geographical weighted regression (GWR) model considering the urban residential density (RD) and land use mix level (LML) of urban form as independent variables was employed to explore the relationship between urban form and carbon emissions. A typical working day (June 5th of 2017) of Hangzhou was chosen as a case study in this paper. The results showed that (1) per hour carbon emission in the morning peak period of 6:30 a.m.-9:30 a.m. was higher than that in the evening peak of 22:00–24:00 by 33.34%; and distribution of the highest carbon emissions was in the eastern, northeastern and northwestern parts of Hangzhou; (2) The RD and LML were positively and negatively associated with carbon emissions. and the coefficients for Ln (RD) and (LML) ranged from 0.29 to 0.70 and from −9.01 to −6.06, respectively. (3) The spatial distribution of coefficients demonstrated that the highest effects of RD on carbon emissions were observed in the central parts of Hangzhou, and those of LML on carbon emissions were observed in southern Hangzhou featured by industrial parks. This study may provide insights to mitigate carbon emissions from daily travel with multiple public policies including mixed land-use policies, urban density control and spatial planning.

ACS Style

Chuyu Xia; Mingtao Xiang; Kai Fang; Yan Li; Yanmei Ye; Zhou Shi; Jingming Liu. Spatial-temporal distribution of carbon emissions by daily travel and its response to urban form: A case study of Hangzhou, China. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 257, 120797 .

AMA Style

Chuyu Xia, Mingtao Xiang, Kai Fang, Yan Li, Yanmei Ye, Zhou Shi, Jingming Liu. Spatial-temporal distribution of carbon emissions by daily travel and its response to urban form: A case study of Hangzhou, China. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 257 ():120797.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chuyu Xia; Mingtao Xiang; Kai Fang; Yan Li; Yanmei Ye; Zhou Shi; Jingming Liu. 2020. "Spatial-temporal distribution of carbon emissions by daily travel and its response to urban form: A case study of Hangzhou, China." Journal of Cleaner Production 257, no. : 120797.

Journal article
Published: 28 July 2019 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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To verify the feasibility of portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) for rapidly analyzing, assessing and improving soil heavy metals mapping, 351 samples were collected from Fuyang District, Hangzhou City, in eastern China. Ordinary kriging (OK) and co-ordinary kriging (COK) combined with PXRF measurements were used to explore spatial patterns of heavy metals content in the soil. The Getis-Ord index was calculated to discern hot spots of heavy metals. Finally, multi-variable indicator kriging was conducted to obtain a map of multi-heavy metals pollution. The results indicated Cd is the primary pollution element in Fuyang, followed by As and Pb. Application of PXRF measurements as covariates in COK improved model accuracy, especially for Pb and Cd. Heavy metals pollution hot spots were mainly detected in northern Fuyang and plains along the Fuchun River in southern Fuyang because of mining, industrial and traffic activities, and irrigation with polluted water. Area with high risk of multi-heavy metals pollution mainly distributed in plain along the Fuchun River and the eastern Fuyang. These findings certified the feasibility of using PXRF as an efficient and reliable method for soil heavy metals pollution assessment and mapping, which could contribute to reduce the cost of surveys and pollution remediation.

ACS Style

Fang Xia; Bifeng Hu; Shuai Shao; Dongyun Xu; Zhou; Mingxiang Huang; Yan Li; Songchao Chen; Zhou Shi; Yue Zhou; Yin Zhou; Xia; Hu; Shao; Xu; Li; Chen; Shi. Improvement of Spatial Modeling of Cr, Pb, Cd, As and Ni in Soil Based on Portable X-ray Fluorescence (PXRF) and Geostatistics: A Case Study in East China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 2694 .

AMA Style

Fang Xia, Bifeng Hu, Shuai Shao, Dongyun Xu, Zhou, Mingxiang Huang, Yan Li, Songchao Chen, Zhou Shi, Yue Zhou, Yin Zhou, Xia, Hu, Shao, Xu, Li, Chen, Shi. Improvement of Spatial Modeling of Cr, Pb, Cd, As and Ni in Soil Based on Portable X-ray Fluorescence (PXRF) and Geostatistics: A Case Study in East China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (15):2694.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fang Xia; Bifeng Hu; Shuai Shao; Dongyun Xu; Zhou; Mingxiang Huang; Yan Li; Songchao Chen; Zhou Shi; Yue Zhou; Yin Zhou; Xia; Hu; Shao; Xu; Li; Chen; Shi. 2019. "Improvement of Spatial Modeling of Cr, Pb, Cd, As and Ni in Soil Based on Portable X-ray Fluorescence (PXRF) and Geostatistics: A Case Study in East China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 15: 2694.

Journal article
Published: 21 May 2019 in Ecological Indicators
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Rapid urbanization with land use and cover change (LUCC) is making a substantially increasing contribution to global carbon emissions. Understanding the spatial processes and transitions mechanism of urban carbon metabolism system by LUCC could help local governments in regional spatial planning. Taking 13 cities in the Yangtze River Delta of China as examples, we quantitatively analyzed and mapped the spatial processes of urban carbon metabolism by LUCC from 1995 to 2015 in the region and investigated the relationships between urban size growth and urban carbon metabolism rate by LUCC (MLUCC) using panel data regression analysis. A higher MLUCC showed a larger negative impact on the urban carbon metabolism system by per unit area of land use change. We found that the highest negative carbon transitions were shifted from Shanghai to cities in the South Jiangsu Province. And the dominant negative carbon transitions and positive ones came from land use transfer into and out the industrial land and transportation land. The results of the panel model regression analysis showed the growths of urban population and land both correlated positively with MLUCC. Further, we controlled the economic growth and urban form changes on the relationship between urban size growth and MLUCC, and the results suggested both the benefits from compromising economic growth and optimizing urban form were overshadowed by the negative impact of urban size growth. The study provided a robust methodology for assessing urban carbon metabolism and provided new insights into land use controls to develop low carbon cities.

ACS Style

Chuyu Xia; Yan Li; Tingbao Xu; Qiuxiao Chen; Yanmei Ye; Zhou Shi; Jingming Liu; Qinglong Ding; Xiaoshun Li. Analyzing spatial patterns of urban carbon metabolism and its response to change of urban size: A case of the Yangtze River Delta, China. Ecological Indicators 2019, 104, 615 -625.

AMA Style

Chuyu Xia, Yan Li, Tingbao Xu, Qiuxiao Chen, Yanmei Ye, Zhou Shi, Jingming Liu, Qinglong Ding, Xiaoshun Li. Analyzing spatial patterns of urban carbon metabolism and its response to change of urban size: A case of the Yangtze River Delta, China. Ecological Indicators. 2019; 104 ():615-625.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chuyu Xia; Yan Li; Tingbao Xu; Qiuxiao Chen; Yanmei Ye; Zhou Shi; Jingming Liu; Qinglong Ding; Xiaoshun Li. 2019. "Analyzing spatial patterns of urban carbon metabolism and its response to change of urban size: A case of the Yangtze River Delta, China." Ecological Indicators 104, no. : 615-625.

Journal article
Published: 07 August 2018 in Ecological Indicators
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With rapid urbanization in China, there is an urgent need to better understand spatial patterns of cities’ carbon transitions in urban metabolism processes and to explore ways to achieve low carbon cities through sustainable urban planning. In this study, we took Hangzhou City as an example, and firstly analyzed changes in carbon emission and sequestration based on land use types, using data with 5 years interval from 1995 to 2015. We then quantified both harmful and beneficial carbon transitions by land use changes spatially. Harmful carbon transitions are processes that cause carbon sequestration decreases or carbon emission increases and the beneficial ones are the opposite processes. Finally, we employed a panel data regression analysis to investigate how urban forms and road structures influence urban carbon emission at the district level. We found that carbon emissions experienced a nearly five times increase, while carbon sequestration decreased by 22.29%. And the land use change from cultivated land to industrial land accounted for 61.05% of the harmful carbon transitions. In addition, the spatial analysis of urban carbon transitions indicated harmful carbon transitions always sourced from the eastern parts of Hangzhou. Most beneficial carbon transitions were located in the urban central area and western mountainous areas. The panel data analysis demonstrated that urban expansion modes with high connectedness and a better coupling relationship between urban form and road structure could help to emission reduction, and a mononuclear urban expansion mode at the district-level exerted a positive influence in relation to carbon emissions increase. This study provided an approach to assess urban carbon metabolism and help to better understanding of low-carbon urban form.

ACS Style

Chuyu Xia; Yan Li; Tingbao Xu; Yanmei Ye; Zhou Shi; Yuan Peng; Jingming Liu. Quantifying the spatial patterns of urban carbon metabolism: A case study of Hangzhou, China. Ecological Indicators 2018, 95, 474 -484.

AMA Style

Chuyu Xia, Yan Li, Tingbao Xu, Yanmei Ye, Zhou Shi, Yuan Peng, Jingming Liu. Quantifying the spatial patterns of urban carbon metabolism: A case study of Hangzhou, China. Ecological Indicators. 2018; 95 ():474-484.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chuyu Xia; Yan Li; Tingbao Xu; Yanmei Ye; Zhou Shi; Yuan Peng; Jingming Liu. 2018. "Quantifying the spatial patterns of urban carbon metabolism: A case study of Hangzhou, China." Ecological Indicators 95, no. : 474-484.

Journal article
Published: 12 June 2018 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Trace elements pollution has attracted a lot of attention worldwide. However, it is difficult to identify and apportion the sources of multiple element pollutants over large areas because of the considerable spatial complexity and variability in the distribution of trace elements in soil. In this study, we collected total of 2051 topsoil (0–20 cm) samples, and analyzed the general pollution status of soils from the Yangtze River Delta, Southeast China. We applied principal component analysis (PCA), a finite mixture distribution model (FMDM), and geostatistical tools to identify and quantitatively apportion the sources of seven kinds of trace elements (chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and arsenic (As)) in soil. The PCA results indicated that the trace elements in soil in the study area were mainly from natural, multi-pollutant and industrial sources. The FMDM also fitted three sub log-normal distributions. The results from the two models were quite similar: Cr, As, and Ni were mainly from natural sources caused by parent material weathering; Cd, Cu, and Zu were mainly from mixed sources, with a considerable portion from anthropogenic activities such as traffic pollutants, domestic garbage, and agricultural inputs, and Hg was mainly from industrial wastes and pollutants.

ACS Style

Shuai Shao; Bifeng Hu; Zhiyi Fu; Jiayu Wang; Ge Lou; Yue Zhou; Bin Jin; Yan Li; Zhou Shi. Source Identification and Apportionment of Trace Elements in Soils in the Yangtze River Delta, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018, 15, 1240 .

AMA Style

Shuai Shao, Bifeng Hu, Zhiyi Fu, Jiayu Wang, Ge Lou, Yue Zhou, Bin Jin, Yan Li, Zhou Shi. Source Identification and Apportionment of Trace Elements in Soils in the Yangtze River Delta, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15 (6):1240.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shuai Shao; Bifeng Hu; Zhiyi Fu; Jiayu Wang; Ge Lou; Yue Zhou; Bin Jin; Yan Li; Zhou Shi. 2018. "Source Identification and Apportionment of Trace Elements in Soils in the Yangtze River Delta, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 6: 1240.

Journal article
Published: 10 April 2018 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Assessing heavy metal pollution and delineating pollution are the bases for evaluating pollution and determining a cost-effective remediation plan. Most existing studies are based on the spatial distribution of pollutants but ignore related uncertainty. In this study, eight heavy-metal concentrations (Cr, Pb, Cd, Hg, Zn, Cu, Ni, and Zn) were collected at 1040 sampling sites in a coastal industrial city in the Yangtze River Delta, China. The single pollution index (PI) and Nemerow integrated pollution index (NIPI) were calculated for every surface sample (0–20 cm) to assess the degree of heavy metal pollution. Ordinary kriging (OK) was used to map the spatial distribution of heavy metals content and NIPI. Then, we delineated composite heavy metal contamination based on the uncertainty produced by indicator kriging (IK). The results showed that mean values of all PIs and NIPIs were at safe levels. Heavy metals were most accumulated in the central portion of the study area. Based on IK, the spatial probability of composite heavy metal pollution was computed. The probability of composite contamination in the central core urban area was highest. A probability of 0.6 was found as the optimum probability threshold to delineate polluted areas from unpolluted areas for integrative heavy metal contamination. Results of pollution delineation based on uncertainty showed the proportion of false negative error areas was 6.34%, while the proportion of false positive error areas was 0.86%. The accuracy of the classification was 92.80%. This indicated the method we developed is a valuable tool for delineating heavy metal pollution.

ACS Style

Bifeng Hu; Ruiying Zhao; Songchao Chen; Yue Zhou; Bin Jin; Yan Li; Zhou Shi. Heavy Metal Pollution Delineation Based on Uncertainty in a Coastal Industrial City in the Yangtze River Delta, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018, 15, 710 .

AMA Style

Bifeng Hu, Ruiying Zhao, Songchao Chen, Yue Zhou, Bin Jin, Yan Li, Zhou Shi. Heavy Metal Pollution Delineation Based on Uncertainty in a Coastal Industrial City in the Yangtze River Delta, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15 (4):710.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bifeng Hu; Ruiying Zhao; Songchao Chen; Yue Zhou; Bin Jin; Yan Li; Zhou Shi. 2018. "Heavy Metal Pollution Delineation Based on Uncertainty in a Coastal Industrial City in the Yangtze River Delta, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 4: 710.

Journal article
Published: 31 October 2017 in Energies
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Climate change has gained widespread attention, and the rapid growth of the economy in China has generated a considerable amount of carbon emissions. Zhejiang Province was selected as a study area. First, the energy-related carbon emissions from 2000 to 2014 were accounted for, and then the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) decomposition model was applied to analyse the driving factors underlying the carbon emissions. Finally, three scenarios (inertia, comparative decoupling and absolute decoupling) for 2020 and 2030 were simulated based on the low-carbon city and Human Impact Population Affluence Technology (IPAT) models. The results showed (1) carbon emissions increased by 1.66 times from 2000 to 2014, and trends of carbon emissions were used to divide the study period into three phases (rapid, medium growth and slow decrease phases, with annual growth rates of 12.60%, 4.77% and −1.24%, respectively); (2) the energy intensity effect from 2000–2011 inhibited carbon emissions but was exceeded by the economic output effect, which increased emissions, whereas the energy intensity effect from 2011–2014 outweighed the economic output effect; (3) the scenario analyses revealed that both the comparative and absolute decoupling scenarios would remain consistent with the carbon emissions boundaries in 2020 and 2030, but the comparative decoupling scenario was more reasonable for sustainable development. In addition, appropriate design of emission trading scheme could help to achieve the comparative decoupling by financial incentives.

ACS Style

Chuyu Xia; Yan Li; Yanmei Ye; Zhou Shi; Jingming Liu. Decomposed Driving Factors of Carbon Emissions and Scenario Analyses of Low-Carbon Transformation in 2020 and 2030 for Zhejiang Province. Energies 2017, 10, 1747 .

AMA Style

Chuyu Xia, Yan Li, Yanmei Ye, Zhou Shi, Jingming Liu. Decomposed Driving Factors of Carbon Emissions and Scenario Analyses of Low-Carbon Transformation in 2020 and 2030 for Zhejiang Province. Energies. 2017; 10 (11):1747.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chuyu Xia; Yan Li; Yanmei Ye; Zhou Shi; Jingming Liu. 2017. "Decomposed Driving Factors of Carbon Emissions and Scenario Analyses of Low-Carbon Transformation in 2020 and 2030 for Zhejiang Province." Energies 10, no. 11: 1747.

Journal article
Published: 10 September 2017 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Heavy metal (HM) contamination and accumulation is a serious problem around the world due to the toxicity, abundant sources, non-biodegradable properties, and accumulative behaviour of HMs. The degree of soil HM contamination in China, especially in the Yangtze River Delta, is prominent. In this study, 1822 pairs of soil and crop samples at corresponding locations were collected from the southern Yangtze River Delta of China, and the contents of Ni, Cr, Zn, Cd, As, Cu, Hg, and Pb were measured. The single pollution index in soil (SPI) and Nemerow composite pollution index (NCPI) were used to assess the degree of HM pollution in soil, and the crop pollution index (CPI) was used to explore the degree of HM accumulation in crops. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) was used to investigate the translocation of heavy metals in the soil-crop system. The health risks caused by HMs were calculated based on the model released by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The SPIs of all elements were at the unpolluted level. The mean NCPI was at the alert level. The mean CPIs were in the following decreasing order: Ni (1.007) > Cr (0.483) > Zn (0.335) > Cd (0.314) > As (0.232) > Cu (0.187) > Hg (0.118) > Pb (0.105). Only the mean content of Ni in the crops exceeded the national standard value. The standard exceeding rates were used to represent the percentage of samples whose heavy metal content is higher than the corresponding national standard values. The standard exceeding rates of Cu, Hg, and Cd in soil were significantly higher than corresponding values in crops. Meanwhile, the standard exceeding rates of Ni, As, and Cr in crops were significantly higher than corresponding values in soil. The chronic daily intake (CDI) of children (13.8 × 10−3) was the largest among three age groups, followed by adults (6.998 × 10−4) and seniors (5.488 × 10−4). The bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) of all crops followed the order Cd (0.249) > Zn (0.133) > As (0.076) > Cu (0.064) > Ni (0.018) > Hg (0.011) > Cr (0.010) > Pb (0.001). Therefore, Cd was most easily absorbed by crops, and different crops had different capacities to absorb HMs. The hazard quotient (HQ) represents the potential non-carcinogenic risk for an individual HM and it is an estimation of daily exposure to the human population that is not likely to represent an appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime. All the HQs of the HMs for the different age groups were significantly less than the alert value of 1.0 and were at a safe level. This indicated that citizens in the study area face low potential non-carcinogenic risk caused by HMs. The total carcinogens risks (TCRs) for children, adults, and seniors were 5.24 × 10−5, 2.65 × 10−5, and 2.08 × 10−5, respectively, all of which were less than the guideline value but at the alert level. Ingestion was the main pathway of carcinogen risk to human health.

ACS Style

Bifeng Hu; Xiaolin Jia; Jie Hu; Dongyun Xu; Fang Xia; Yan Li. Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution and Health Risks in the Soil-Plant-Human System in the Yangtze River Delta, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2017, 14, 1042 .

AMA Style

Bifeng Hu, Xiaolin Jia, Jie Hu, Dongyun Xu, Fang Xia, Yan Li. Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution and Health Risks in the Soil-Plant-Human System in the Yangtze River Delta, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14 (9):1042.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bifeng Hu; Xiaolin Jia; Jie Hu; Dongyun Xu; Fang Xia; Yan Li. 2017. "Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution and Health Risks in the Soil-Plant-Human System in the Yangtze River Delta, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 9: 1042.

Research article
Published: 07 July 2017 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research
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Soil heavy metal contamination is a serious environmental problem. Human beings may be directly exposed to heavy metals in soils through the inhalation of soil particles, dermal contact, and oral ingestion, which can seriously threaten health. This study assesses the health risks associated with heavy metals in soils by determining the concentrations of eight heavy metals (Cr, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cu, Zn, and Ni) based on 2051 surface-soil samples collected from the southern Yangtze River Delta of China. The mean concentrations were higher than the corresponding background values in Zhejiang Province and China as a whole, indicating an accumulation of heavy metals. The health risk assessment suggests that the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks in the study area were not significant. The non-carcinogenic risk for children was the highest, followed by those for adults and seniors; the non-carcinogenic risk for the entire population was less than 1.0, the predetermined threshold. Carcinogenic risk for adults was the highest, followed by those for seniors and children; a few sample points had a value larger than the threshold of 1.0E−04. Arsenic represented the greatest contribution to non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk. Meanwhile, ingestion of heavy metals in soil was the main exposure pathway for carcinogenic risk, followed by inhalation and dermal exposure. The spatial method of Getis-Ord was used to identify hot spots of health risk. Hot spots with high hazard index (HI) and total carcinogenic risk (TCR) for children, adults, and seniors were mainly distributed in core urban areas, such as Jiangbei, Haishu, Yinzhou, Jiangdong, and the urban areas of some other counties, which coincided with industrial, mining, and urban areas of the study area and were strongly influenced by anthropogenic activities. These results provide a basis for heavy metal control in soil, source identification, and environment management in the Yangtze River Delta and other rapidly developing industrial regions in China.

ACS Style

Bifeng Hu; Jiayu Wang; Bin Jin; Yan Li; Zhou Shi. Assessment of the potential health risks of heavy metals in soils in a coastal industrial region of the Yangtze River Delta. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2017, 24, 19816 -19826.

AMA Style

Bifeng Hu, Jiayu Wang, Bin Jin, Yan Li, Zhou Shi. Assessment of the potential health risks of heavy metals in soils in a coastal industrial region of the Yangtze River Delta. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2017; 24 (24):19816-19826.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bifeng Hu; Jiayu Wang; Bin Jin; Yan Li; Zhou Shi. 2017. "Assessment of the potential health risks of heavy metals in soils in a coastal industrial region of the Yangtze River Delta." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 24, no. 24: 19816-19826.

Research article
Published: 24 February 2017 in PLOS ONE
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Rapid heavy metal soil surveys at large scale with high sampling density could not be conducted with traditional laboratory physical and chemical analyses because of the high cost, low efficiency and heavy workload involved. This study explored a rapid approach to assess heavy metals contamination in 301 farmland soils from Fuyang in Zhejiang Province, in the southern Yangtze River Delta, China, using portable proximal soil sensors. Portable X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (PXRF) was used to determine soil heavy metals total concentrations while soil pH was predicted by portable visible-near infrared spectroscopy (PVNIR). Zn, Cu and Pb were successfully predicted by PXRF (R2 >0.90 and RPD >2.50) while As and Ni were predicted with less accuracy (R2 <0.75 and RPD <1.40). The pH values were well predicted by PVNIR. Classification of heavy metals contamination grades in farmland soils was conducted based on previous results; the Kappa coefficient was 0.87, which showed that the combination of PXRF and PVNIR was an effective and rapid method to determine the degree of pollution with soil heavy metals. This study provides a new approach to assess soil heavy metals pollution; this method will facilitate large-scale surveys of soil heavy metal pollution.

ACS Style

Bifeng Hu; Songchao Chen; Jie Hu; Fang Xia; Junfeng Xu; Yan Li; Zhou Shi. Application of portable XRF and VNIR sensors for rapid assessment of soil heavy metal pollution. PLOS ONE 2017, 12, e0172438 .

AMA Style

Bifeng Hu, Songchao Chen, Jie Hu, Fang Xia, Junfeng Xu, Yan Li, Zhou Shi. Application of portable XRF and VNIR sensors for rapid assessment of soil heavy metal pollution. PLOS ONE. 2017; 12 (2):e0172438.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bifeng Hu; Songchao Chen; Jie Hu; Fang Xia; Junfeng Xu; Yan Li; Zhou Shi. 2017. "Application of portable XRF and VNIR sensors for rapid assessment of soil heavy metal pollution." PLOS ONE 12, no. 2: e0172438.

Journal article
Published: 21 May 2016 in Sustainability
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Zhejiang Province, China is experiencing rapid urbanization, facing the challenge of coupling socioeconomic development and ecological conservation. This paper establishes a comprehensive index system to assess coordinating development of economic, construction land use (CLU), and ecology subsystems. A Granger test and a coupling coordination model were applied to explore the causal relationship and the coordinated development state among the three subsystems from 2000 to 2012. The results showed that: (1) changes in the integrated value of the economic subsystem were the Granger cause of changes in the ecology and CLU subsystems, and the changes in the integrated values of ecology and CLU was each other’s Granger cause; (2) the coupling coordination relationship of the integrated value for economic–CLU–ecology was constrained by the relationship between the economic and the CLU subsystems from 2000 to 2004, and that between the ecology and the economic subsystems was the impediment of the sustainable development of economic–CLU–ecology from 2004 to 2012. This research helps to identify approach to sustainable development through analyzing synergistic effects, interdependencies, and trade-offs among the integrated economic–CLU–ecology values, and to make significant contribution to urban planning policies in rapid urbanization region.

ACS Style

Chuyu Xia; Yan Li; Yanmei Ye; Zhou Shi. An Integrated Approach to Explore the Relationship Among Economic, Construction Land Use, and Ecology Subsystems in Zhejiang Province, China. Sustainability 2016, 8, 498 .

AMA Style

Chuyu Xia, Yan Li, Yanmei Ye, Zhou Shi. An Integrated Approach to Explore the Relationship Among Economic, Construction Land Use, and Ecology Subsystems in Zhejiang Province, China. Sustainability. 2016; 8 (5):498.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chuyu Xia; Yan Li; Yanmei Ye; Zhou Shi. 2016. "An Integrated Approach to Explore the Relationship Among Economic, Construction Land Use, and Ecology Subsystems in Zhejiang Province, China." Sustainability 8, no. 5: 498.

Journal article
Published: 06 January 2016 in Environmental Earth Sciences
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The spatial distribution of farmland productivity is important for reducing the loss of productive farmland and developing sustainable agro-ecosystems in China. This study calculated theoretical, realizable and practical productivity for farmland, taking Zhejiang province as a case. It analyzed their statistical characteristics and spatial distribution, explored the factors influencing productivity and classified the agricultural production zones based on the three indicators for spatial clustering using a fuzzy cluster algorithm. The results indicated there existed a significant difference among the three types of productivity, the theoretical productivity exceeded the realizable productivity by 17.69 % and the realizable productivity exceeded the practical productivity by 20.31 %; their spatial distribution patters were similar, with the highest productivity in the north–central plain region and the lowest in the southwestern mountainous region. Although the land in the study area has been cultivated intensively, the potential to increase production is still enormous, which was up to 593 × 107 kg and 556 × 107 for total theoretical and realizable potential, respectively. The theoretical productivity was affected more by the farmland quality, the realizable productivity more by terrain and socioeconomic factors. The whole province was classified spatially into four agricultural production zones based on the calculated three indicators with three types of productivity data: modern high-efficiency agriculture development zone, characteristic agriculture development zone, ecological agriculture development zone and ocean organic agriculture development zone. Each zone is best used for different purposes and requires different protection and management strategies. Such spatial zoning is essential for stabilizing agricultural production, ensuring food security and promoting the sustainable use of farmland.

ACS Style

Yan Li; Hao-Xiang Wu; Zhou Shi. Farmland productivity and its application in spatial zoning of agricultural production: a case study in Zhejiang province, China. Environmental Earth Sciences 2016, 75, 1 -17.

AMA Style

Yan Li, Hao-Xiang Wu, Zhou Shi. Farmland productivity and its application in spatial zoning of agricultural production: a case study in Zhejiang province, China. Environmental Earth Sciences. 2016; 75 (2):1-17.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yan Li; Hao-Xiang Wu; Zhou Shi. 2016. "Farmland productivity and its application in spatial zoning of agricultural production: a case study in Zhejiang province, China." Environmental Earth Sciences 75, no. 2: 1-17.

Journal article
Published: 07 August 2013 in Environmental Management
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The loss of cultivated land has increasingly become an issue of regional and national concern in China. Definition of management zones is an important measure to protect limited cultivated land resource. In this study, combined spatial data were applied to define management zones in Fuyang city, China. The yield of cultivated land was first calculated and evaluated and the spatial distribution pattern mapped; the limiting factors affecting the yield were then explored; and their maps of the spatial variability were presented using geostatistics analysis. Data were jointly analyzed for management zone definition using a combination of principal component analysis with a fuzzy clustering method, two cluster validity functions were used to determine the optimal number of cluster. Finally one-way variance analysis was performed on 3,620 soil sampling points to assess how well the defined management zones reflected the soil properties and productivity level. It was shown that there existed great potential for increasing grain production, and the amount of cultivated land played a key role in maintaining security in grain production. Organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, elevation, thickness of the plow layer, and probability of irrigation guarantee were the main limiting factors affecting the yield. The optimal number of management zones was three, and there existed significantly statistical differences between the crop yield and field parameters in each defined management zone. Management zone I presented the highest potential crop yield, fertility level, and best agricultural production condition, whereas management zone III lowest. The study showed that the procedures used may be effective in automatically defining management zones; by the development of different management zones, different strategies of cultivated land management and practice in each zone could be determined, which is of great importance to enhance cultivated land conservation, stabilize agricultural production, promote sustainable use of cultivated land and guarantee food security.

ACS Style

Yan Li; Zhou Shi; Hao-Xiang Wu; Feng Li; Hong-Yi Li. Definition of Management Zones for Enhancing Cultivated Land Conservation Using Combined Spatial Data. Environmental Management 2013, 52, 792 -806.

AMA Style

Yan Li, Zhou Shi, Hao-Xiang Wu, Feng Li, Hong-Yi Li. Definition of Management Zones for Enhancing Cultivated Land Conservation Using Combined Spatial Data. Environmental Management. 2013; 52 (4):792-806.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yan Li; Zhou Shi; Hao-Xiang Wu; Feng Li; Hong-Yi Li. 2013. "Definition of Management Zones for Enhancing Cultivated Land Conservation Using Combined Spatial Data." Environmental Management 52, no. 4: 792-806.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2008 in Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B
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One approach to apply precision agriculture to optimize crop production and environmental quality is identifying management zones. In this paper, the variables of soil electrical conductivity (EC) data, cotton yield data and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data in an about 15 ha field in a coastal saline land were selected as data resources, and their spatial variabilities were firstly analyzed and spatial distribution maps constructed with geostatistics technique. Then fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm was used to define management zones, fuzzy performance index (FPI) and normalized classification entropy (NCE) were used to determine the optimal cluster numbers. Finally one-way variance analysis was performed on 224 georeferenced soil and yield sampling points to assess how well the defined management zones reflected the soil properties and productivity level. The results reveal that the optimal number of management zones for the present study area was 3 and the defined management zones provided a better description of soil properties and yield variation. Statistical analyses indicate significant differences between the chemical properties of soil samples and crop yield in each management zone, and management zone 3 presented the highest nutrient level and potential crop productivity, whereas management zone 1 the lowest. Based on these findings, we conclude that fuzzy c-means clustering approach can be used to delineate management zones by using the given three variables in the coastal saline soils, and the defined management zones form an objective basis for targeting soil samples for nutrient analysis and development of site-specific application strategies.

ACS Style

Yan Li; Zhou Shi; Ci-Fang Wu; Hong-Yi Li; Feng Li. Determination of potential management zones from soil electrical conductivity, yield and crop data. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B 2008, 9, 68 -76.

AMA Style

Yan Li, Zhou Shi, Ci-Fang Wu, Hong-Yi Li, Feng Li. Determination of potential management zones from soil electrical conductivity, yield and crop data. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B. 2008; 9 (1):68-76.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yan Li; Zhou Shi; Ci-Fang Wu; Hong-Yi Li; Feng Li. 2008. "Determination of potential management zones from soil electrical conductivity, yield and crop data." Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B 9, no. 1: 68-76.

Journal article
Published: 31 December 2007 in Agricultural Sciences in China
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The acquisition of precise soil data representative of the entire survey area, is a critical issue for many treatments such as irrigation or fertilization in precision agriculture. The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial variability of soil bulk electrical conductivity (ECb) in a coastal saline field and design an optimized spatial sampling scheme of ECb based on a sampling design algorithm, the variance quad-tree (VQT) method. Soil ECb data were collected from the field at 20 m interval in a regular grid scheme. The smooth contour map of the whole field was obtained by ordinary kriging interpolation, VQT algorithm was then used to split the smooth contour map into strata of different number desired, the sampling locations can be selected within each stratum in subsequent sampling. The result indicated that the probability of choosing representative sampling sites was increased significantly by using VQT method with the sampling number being greatly reduced compared to grid sampling design while retaining the same prediction accuracy. The advantage of the VQT method is that this scheme samples sparsely in fields where the spatial variability is relatively uniform and more intensive where the variability is large. Thus the sampling efficiency can be improved, hence facilitate an assessment methodology that can be applied in a rapid, practical and cost-effective manner.

ACS Style

Yan Li; Zhou Shi; Ci-Fang Wu; Feng Li; Hong-Yi Li. Optimised Spatial Sampling Scheme for Soil Electriclal Conductivity Based on Variance Quad-Tree (VQT) Method. Agricultural Sciences in China 2007, 6, 1463 -1471.

AMA Style

Yan Li, Zhou Shi, Ci-Fang Wu, Feng Li, Hong-Yi Li. Optimised Spatial Sampling Scheme for Soil Electriclal Conductivity Based on Variance Quad-Tree (VQT) Method. Agricultural Sciences in China. 2007; 6 (12):1463-1471.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yan Li; Zhou Shi; Ci-Fang Wu; Feng Li; Hong-Yi Li. 2007. "Optimised Spatial Sampling Scheme for Soil Electriclal Conductivity Based on Variance Quad-Tree (VQT) Method." Agricultural Sciences in China 6, no. 12: 1463-1471.

Journal article
Published: 30 April 2007 in Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
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Recent research in precision agriculture has focused on use of management zones as a method for variable application of inputs. In this paper, five soil and landscape attributes, including a NDVI image, soil electrical conductivity, total nitrogen, organic matter and cation exchange capacity acquired for a coastal saline land were selected as data sources, and their spatial variability were analyzed and spatial distribution maps constructed with geostatistics technique. Principal component analysis and fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm were then performed to delineate the management zones, fuzzy performance index (FPI) and normalized classification entropy (NCE) was used to determine the optimal cluster number. To assess whether the defined three management zones can be used to characterize spatial variability of soil chemical properties and crop productivity, 139 georeferenced soil and yield sampling points across each management zone was examined by using variance analysis. It was found that the optimal number of management zones for the study area was three and there existed significantly statistical differences between the chemical properties of soil samples and yield data in each defined management zone, management zone 3 presented highest nutrient level and potential crop productivity, whereas management zone 1 lowest. The results revealed that the given five variables could be aggregated into management zones that characterize spatial variability in soil chemical properties and crop productivity. The defined management zones not only can direct soil sampling design, but also provide valuable information for site-specific management in precision agriculture.

ACS Style

Yan Li; Zhou Shi; Feng Li; Hong-Yi Li. Delineation of site-specific management zones using fuzzy clustering analysis in a coastal saline land. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 2007, 56, 174 -186.

AMA Style

Yan Li, Zhou Shi, Feng Li, Hong-Yi Li. Delineation of site-specific management zones using fuzzy clustering analysis in a coastal saline land. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 2007; 56 (2):174-186.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yan Li; Zhou Shi; Feng Li; Hong-Yi Li. 2007. "Delineation of site-specific management zones using fuzzy clustering analysis in a coastal saline land." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 56, no. 2: 174-186.