Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health problem contributing to increasing rates of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Inadequate knowledge and misconceptions surrounding antibiotics and their overuse can significantly contribute to the growth and spread of AMR. This study aimed to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding antibiotic use and resistance among undergraduates in Pokhara, Nepal, and examine associations of knowledge and attitudes with demographic factors and specific antibiotic use practices. Methods: A cross‐sectional survey was conducted from April to September 2023 among 461 undergraduate students in Pokhara Metropolitan City. Frequency distributions were used to describe participants’ KAP regarding antibiotics. Chi‐square tests were applied to identify factors significantly associated with knowledge and attitudes toward antibiotics, with a significance level of 5%. Result: Among the total participants, 155 (33.6%, 95% CI: 29.6–38.3) had a lower level of knowledge regarding antibiotics, while a moderate and higher level of knowledge was observed among 208 (45.1%, 95% CI: 40.1–49.5) and 98 (21.3%, 95% CI: 17.5–24.7) students, respectively. Nearly half (53.6%, 95% CI: 48.9–58.2; 50.1%, 95% CI: 45.8–54.4) of the students illustrated positive attitudes and good practices. Factors such as gender, academic discipline, and previous education on antibiotics were associated with students’ knowledge regarding antibiotics, at 5% level of significance ( p < 0.05). Similarly, a statistically significant relationship existed between students’ academic discipline, past courses, and their attitudes toward antibiotics. The knowledge of the participants on the antibiotic use was found to have a statistical relationship with practice‐related attributes such as finishing the antibiotic course even after feeling well, giving less preference to antibiotic for cold ( p < 0.05). The attitude of the participants toward antibiotics was found to have a statistical relation with practices such as consulting a doctor for antibiotics and finishing the course of antibiotic ( p < 0.05). Conclusion: A large proportion of undergraduates have moderate to high knowledge regarding antibiotic use, while only half had a positive attitude and good practice toward antibiotic use, suggesting a large gap existing in awareness of antibiotic resistance and rational use.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Various studies have highlighted the involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs) in tumor initiation and progression. MiRNAs are endogenous, non-coding, single-stranded RNA molecules that interact with the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of target mRNAs to inhibit mRNA translation or promote mRNA degradation. Various studies have reported that MIR133A is expressed at reduced levels in many tumor tissues and inhibits tumor progression. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the interactions of MIR133A and its target genes in the most commonly diagnosed cancers, namely, breast, lung, colorectal, gastric, and prostate. These results demonstrated that MIR133A is one of the optimal biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of various tumors, providing insights into the clinical management and practice of malignant tumors.

Background/Objectives: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, with high incidence and mortality rates. MicroRNAs are endogenous and non-coding RNAs that play a pivotal role in the development and progression of various cancers by targeting specific genes. Previously, we identified MIR133A to be significantly decreased in human CRC tissues. This study aims to identify the relationship with SQLE, one of the candidate target genes of MIR133A, and study their interaction in CRC cells. Methods: Through the luciferase reporter assay, quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), and Western blot analysis. Results: We identified SQLE as a direct target gene of MIR133A. Using the MIR133A KI cell lines, which knocked-in MIR133A1 or MIR133A2 in CRC cell lines, and CRC cells transfected with siSQLE, we found that MIR133A regulated the proliferation and migration of CRC cells by modulating SQLE-mediated PIK3CA-AKT1 and CYP24A1 signaling. We also found that cholesterol production was regulated by MIR133A in CRC cells. Conclusions: Our results suggest that MIR133A is an important therapeutic target for colorectal cancer.