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Chao Zhang
School of Economics and Management, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China

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Journal article
Published: 20 August 2020 in Sustainable Production and Consumption
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Soaring consumption of plastic products globally generates vast amount of plastic wastes, which has been a grand challenge for today's solid waste management system. China has been the world largest importer of plastic wastes for the last three decades. However, due to growing environmental awareness, China decided to stop importing plastic wastes in 2017. This study analyzes the historical evolution of the international plastic wastes trade by using complex network analysis method and shows that China's management policies are the main driving forces to the expansion and shrinkage of the global plastic wastes trade network. We find that the trade network grew most tremendously during mid-1990s to early 2010s. The global total trade volume increased from 0.9 million tons in 1992 to 16.4 million tons in 2012, and the number of trade connections increased from 452 to 2248 during the same period. 2%-6% of the trade relations contributed more than 80% of the global total trade volumes. Trade flows among continents or sub-continental regions increased from 38% to 64% during 1997-2012, indicating longer transport distances and spatially more separated trade partners in the network. Results also show that the growth trend stagnated and the network became multipolar again after 2012, when China launched a series of campaigns to strengthen regulations on solid wastes import. China's import ban on plastic wastes issued in 2017 led to a dramatic decline of trade volumes. More and more stringent environmental protection measures in China and other developing countries are transforming the geographic pattern of global waste trade network and may drive developed countries to reconstruct their recycling systems.

ACS Style

Jiujie Shi; Chao Zhang; Wei-Qiang Chen. The expansion and shrinkage of the international trade network of plastic wastes affected by China's waste management policies. Sustainable Production and Consumption 2020, 25, 187 -197.

AMA Style

Jiujie Shi, Chao Zhang, Wei-Qiang Chen. The expansion and shrinkage of the international trade network of plastic wastes affected by China's waste management policies. Sustainable Production and Consumption. 2020; 25 ():187-197.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jiujie Shi; Chao Zhang; Wei-Qiang Chen. 2020. "The expansion and shrinkage of the international trade network of plastic wastes affected by China's waste management policies." Sustainable Production and Consumption 25, no. : 187-197.

Journal article
Published: 10 June 2020 in Resources, Conservation and Recycling
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The water resource networks that provide water for urban consumption consists not only of physical water supply, but also water embodied in imported goods and services i.e. virtual water supply or external water footprint. However, it remains unknown that if relying on external water footprint will increase or decrease the vulnerability of cities’ water resource networks. Here, we evaluate the vulnerability of urban water resource networks for China's six megacities i.e. Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Chongqing, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen. The vulnerability index was developed through combining a refined multi-region input-output table with both water footprint and water scarcity footprint analysis. The results showed that megacities need to import large volumes of virtual water embodied in food related sectors to balance their physical water shortages. The external blue water footprint (BWF) of the six megacities accounted for 80.7% of their total BWF, and was almost twice their physical water supply. The large share of external BWF helped Beijing, Tianjin, and Shanghai, which suffer extreme water stress in their urban areas, to decrease their total vulnerability by 39%, 33%, and 28% respectively, but conversely increase their vulnerability to external water shortages i.e. indirect vulnerability. Establishing megacity physical and virtual water resource networks based on input-output analysis provides an opportunity for urban water planners to internalize the risk of their external water footprint. Avoiding import water-intensive products from regions suffering extreme water stress, or managing indirect vulnerability through cooperation with those regions are suggested as viable water management approaches.

ACS Style

Xinxin Zhang; Xu Zhao; Ruoshui Li; Ganquan Mao; Martin R. Tillotson; Xiawei Liao; Chao Zhang; Yujun Yi. Evaluating the vulnerability of physical and virtual water resource networks in China's megacities. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2020, 161, 104972 .

AMA Style

Xinxin Zhang, Xu Zhao, Ruoshui Li, Ganquan Mao, Martin R. Tillotson, Xiawei Liao, Chao Zhang, Yujun Yi. Evaluating the vulnerability of physical and virtual water resource networks in China's megacities. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2020; 161 ():104972.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xinxin Zhang; Xu Zhao; Ruoshui Li; Ganquan Mao; Martin R. Tillotson; Xiawei Liao; Chao Zhang; Yujun Yi. 2020. "Evaluating the vulnerability of physical and virtual water resource networks in China's megacities." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 161, no. : 104972.

Journal article
Published: 28 March 2020 in Resources, Conservation and Recycling
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Households are basic units of final consumption and huge reservoirs of in-use stocks of durable goods. While most studies on social metabolism were conducted at the aggregate national or city level, household level analysis is lack. In the past three decades, China has witnessed growing urban population, increasing household incomes and tremendously improved living standards. The size of urban household consumption increased 23-fold during 1985–2015. In this study, we established an accounting frame for material metabolism at household level with a focus on in-use stocks of durable goods and bulk materials. Long-term trajectories of stock accumulation of residential buildings, home appliances and transportation tools, as well as associated material inflows and outflows, are investigated. Results show that the stock of residential buildings and most home appliances tended to saturate after rapid growth, but the stock of transportation tools, especially private cars, is still under growth. We estimate that total material stocks amounted to 147 tons per household in 2014, compared to 54 tons in 1981. Residential buildings take the majority of material stocks, accounting for 98.8% of the total. The aggregate material stocks of home appliances increased steadily and the phenomena of inter-product substitution was quite obvious. Material stocks in transportation tools exceeded those in home appliances since 2012 and reached more than 400 kg per household in 2014. Metabolism of durable goods in households is a mirror of physical capital accumulation of urbanization. Product-by-product accounting can provide baseline information for life cycle management of urban material flows.

ACS Style

Jingru Liu; Mingxia Wang; Chao Zhang; Ming Yang; Yingmei Li. Material flows and in-use stocks of durable goods in Chinese urban household sector. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2020, 158, 104758 .

AMA Style

Jingru Liu, Mingxia Wang, Chao Zhang, Ming Yang, Yingmei Li. Material flows and in-use stocks of durable goods in Chinese urban household sector. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2020; 158 ():104758.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jingru Liu; Mingxia Wang; Chao Zhang; Ming Yang; Yingmei Li. 2020. "Material flows and in-use stocks of durable goods in Chinese urban household sector." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 158, no. : 104758.

Journal article
Published: 11 September 2019 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Long-distance electricity transmissions could transfer water stress associated with electric power generation from the consumption side to the production side. In China, the rapidly growing scale of west-to-east electricity transmission is contributing to rising water stress in the arid northwestern regions. This study investigates the historical evolution and driving forces of virtual water network embodied in inter-provincial electricity transmissions in China during the past decade (2006–2016), measured by both volumetric and stress-weighted water consumption. Results show that electricity production hubs and load centers increasingly diverged in China. Driven by both growing electricity demand in eastern regions and an increasing share of imported electricity, stress-weighted virtual water export from the water-deficient northwestern provinces increased by 120% during the study period. Water efficiency improvements in thermoelectric power generation have offset 35% of the potential growth in total volumetric virtual water transfers, and more than 50% for stress-weighted virtual water transfers. However, the effect of water efficiency improvements has diminished since 2012. Considering China's ambitious plan to boost west-to-east electricity transmissions in the future, increasing the penetration of wind and solar photovoltaic power in electricity mix in northwestern regions should play a more significant role in relieving water stress in major electricity-exporting provinces.

ACS Style

Chao Zhang; Gang He; Qian Zhang; Sai Liang; Samuel C. Zipper; Ru Guo; Xu Zhao; Lijin Zhong; Jiao Wang. The evolution of virtual water flows in China's electricity transmission network and its driving forces. Journal of Cleaner Production 2019, 242, 118336 .

AMA Style

Chao Zhang, Gang He, Qian Zhang, Sai Liang, Samuel C. Zipper, Ru Guo, Xu Zhao, Lijin Zhong, Jiao Wang. The evolution of virtual water flows in China's electricity transmission network and its driving forces. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 242 ():118336.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chao Zhang; Gang He; Qian Zhang; Sai Liang; Samuel C. Zipper; Ru Guo; Xu Zhao; Lijin Zhong; Jiao Wang. 2019. "The evolution of virtual water flows in China's electricity transmission network and its driving forces." Journal of Cleaner Production 242, no. : 118336.

Journal article
Published: 10 September 2018 in Nature Energy
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As energy and water are fundamentally intertwined, understanding the spatial and temporal evolution of thermoelectric water use and water stress is important for both sustainable energy development and water resource management. Here we compile high-resolution time-series (2000–2015) of water withdrawal and consumption inventories for China’s thermoelectric power sector to identify the driving forces behind changing water use patterns, and reveal the spatial distribution of thermoelectric water stress. We show that freshwater withdrawal has been decoupled from thermoelectric power generation growth at the national level due to the increased adoption of air-cooling and seawater-cooling technologies and advanced large generating units as well as water use efficiency improvements in this period. Nevertheless, the construction of large coal-fired power generation hubs has increased water stress in many arid and water-scarce catchments in northwestern regions of China. The westward development of the power industry necessitates water-withdrawal caps and the integration of water risk analysis into energy planning.

ACS Style

Chao Zhang; Lijin Zhong; Jiao Wang. Decoupling between water use and thermoelectric power generation growth in China. Nature Energy 2018, 3, 792 -799.

AMA Style

Chao Zhang, Lijin Zhong, Jiao Wang. Decoupling between water use and thermoelectric power generation growth in China. Nature Energy. 2018; 3 (9):792-799.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chao Zhang; Lijin Zhong; Jiao Wang. 2018. "Decoupling between water use and thermoelectric power generation growth in China." Nature Energy 3, no. 9: 792-799.

Journal article
Published: 10 May 2018 in Sustainability
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CO2 and SO2, while having different environmental impacts, are both linked to the burning of fossil fuels. Research on joint patterns of CO2 emissions and SO2 emissions may provide useful information for decision-makers to reduce these emissions effectively. This study analyzes both CO2 emissions and SO2 emissions embodied in interprovincial trade in 2007 and 2010 using multi-regional input–output analysis. Backward and forward linkage analysis shows that Production and Supply of Electric Power and Steam, Non-metal Mineral Products, and Metal Smelting and Pressing are key sectors for mitigating SO2 and CO2 emissions along the national supply chain. The total SO2 emissions and CO2 emissions of these sectors accounted for 81% and 76% of the total national SO2 emissions and CO2 emissions, respectively.

ACS Style

Rui Huang; Klaus Hubacek; Kuishuang Feng; Xiaojie Li; Chao Zhang. Re-Examining Embodied SO2 and CO2 Emissions in China. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1505 .

AMA Style

Rui Huang, Klaus Hubacek, Kuishuang Feng, Xiaojie Li, Chao Zhang. Re-Examining Embodied SO2 and CO2 Emissions in China. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (5):1505.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rui Huang; Klaus Hubacek; Kuishuang Feng; Xiaojie Li; Chao Zhang. 2018. "Re-Examining Embodied SO2 and CO2 Emissions in China." Sustainability 10, no. 5: 1505.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2018 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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A better understanding of the economy-material-emissions nexus is fundamental in order to reveal the interactions between human development and the natural environment, and more importantly, to design integrated de-carbonization and de-materialization policies. In this paper, we conducted a decoupling analysis of fossil fuel-induced CO2 emissions and in-use material stocks in infrastructure to economic growth at the provincial level in China and investigated the trilateral causal relationships among the three indicators. The results show that the average elasticity of CO2 emissions and material stocks to economic growth was smaller than 1, representing a status of relative decoupling. However, in many less developed provinces in central and western China, we observed increasing trends of elasticity in the past three decades, which suggest their economic growth became more tightly linked to CO2 emissions and the accumulation of material stocks. Granger tests suggest that in the long run there existed a unidirectional causality running from CO2 emissions, economic growth and urbanization to material stocks. In the short run, a bi-directional causality between CO2 emissions and economic growth and a unidirectional causality from material stocks to CO2 emissions were detected. Policy implications for the de-carbonization and de-materialization transition include enhancing renewable energy utilization, upgrading industries to less carbon-intensive ones, developing compact cities, prolonging the lifespan of infrastructure, and strengthening the life-cycle carbon management of infrastructure.

ACS Style

Ji Han; Tianyi Du; Chao Zhang; Xuepeng Qian. Correlation analysis of CO2 emissions, material stocks and economic growth nexus: Evidence from Chinese provinces. Journal of Cleaner Production 2018, 180, 395 -406.

AMA Style

Ji Han, Tianyi Du, Chao Zhang, Xuepeng Qian. Correlation analysis of CO2 emissions, material stocks and economic growth nexus: Evidence from Chinese provinces. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2018; 180 ():395-406.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ji Han; Tianyi Du; Chao Zhang; Xuepeng Qian. 2018. "Correlation analysis of CO2 emissions, material stocks and economic growth nexus: Evidence from Chinese provinces." Journal of Cleaner Production 180, no. : 395-406.

Review
Published: 07 March 2018 in Resources, Conservation and Recycling
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Increasing material efficiency, or material productivity, is essential for decoupling resource depletion and associated environmental pressures from economic development. This paper reviews the historical evolution of indicators monitoring material efficiency, their underpinning methodologies and major findings in the past three decades. Early studies investigated the material-economy relationship through intensity of use (IU) of some selected single materials. Economy-wide material flow accounting (EW-MFA) established a standardized framework for aggregating overall material inputs into an economy. Consumption-based material footprint (MF) analysis extended the system boundary to cover global resource extraction along supply chains to satisfy final consumption. Studies on material cycles (MC), especially metal cycles, further helped trace all major life cycle stages of anthropogenic material use, with the capability to account for in-use stocks of materials and products. Impact-based indicators investigate the opportunities to reduce negative environmental, social and economic impacts of material use, which is the ultimate purpose of improving material efficiency. Monitoring material efficiency with different indicators might lead to very different conclusions regarding a society’s dependence on material and its dematerialization trend. We present a generalized framework for constructing all kinds of material efficiency/productivity indicators and make the case that election of indicators should be problem-oriented and policy-relevant.

ACS Style

Chao Zhang; Wei-Qiang Chen; Matthias Ruth. Measuring material efficiency: A review of the historical evolution of indicators, methodologies and findings. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2018, 132, 79 -92.

AMA Style

Chao Zhang, Wei-Qiang Chen, Matthias Ruth. Measuring material efficiency: A review of the historical evolution of indicators, methodologies and findings. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2018; 132 ():79-92.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chao Zhang; Wei-Qiang Chen; Matthias Ruth. 2018. "Measuring material efficiency: A review of the historical evolution of indicators, methodologies and findings." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 132, no. : 79-92.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2017 in Ecological Economics
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ACS Style

Chao Zhang; Wei-Qiang Chen; Gang Liu; Da-Jian Zhu. Economic Growth and the Evolution of Material Cycles: An Analytical Framework Integrating Material Flow and Stock Indicators. Ecological Economics 2017, 140, 265 -274.

AMA Style

Chao Zhang, Wei-Qiang Chen, Gang Liu, Da-Jian Zhu. Economic Growth and the Evolution of Material Cycles: An Analytical Framework Integrating Material Flow and Stock Indicators. Ecological Economics. 2017; 140 ():265-274.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chao Zhang; Wei-Qiang Chen; Gang Liu; Da-Jian Zhu. 2017. "Economic Growth and the Evolution of Material Cycles: An Analytical Framework Integrating Material Flow and Stock Indicators." Ecological Economics 140, no. : 265-274.

Journal article
Published: 18 April 2017 in Economic Systems Research
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ACS Style

Sai Liang; Yafei Wang; Chao Zhang; Ming Xu; Zhifeng Yang; Weidong Liu; Hongguang Liu; Anthony Shun Fung Chiu. Final production-based emissions of regions in China. Economic Systems Research 2017, 30, 18 -36.

AMA Style

Sai Liang, Yafei Wang, Chao Zhang, Ming Xu, Zhifeng Yang, Weidong Liu, Hongguang Liu, Anthony Shun Fung Chiu. Final production-based emissions of regions in China. Economic Systems Research. 2017; 30 (1):18-36.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sai Liang; Yafei Wang; Chao Zhang; Ming Xu; Zhifeng Yang; Weidong Liu; Hongguang Liu; Anthony Shun Fung Chiu. 2017. "Final production-based emissions of regions in China." Economic Systems Research 30, no. 1: 18-36.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2017 in Applied Energy
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ACS Style

Chao Zhang; Lijin Zhong; Sai Liang; Kelly T. Sanders; Jiao Wang; Ming Xu. Virtual scarce water embodied in inter-provincial electricity transmission in China. Applied Energy 2017, 187, 438 -448.

AMA Style

Chao Zhang, Lijin Zhong, Sai Liang, Kelly T. Sanders, Jiao Wang, Ming Xu. Virtual scarce water embodied in inter-provincial electricity transmission in China. Applied Energy. 2017; 187 ():438-448.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chao Zhang; Lijin Zhong; Sai Liang; Kelly T. Sanders; Jiao Wang; Ming Xu. 2017. "Virtual scarce water embodied in inter-provincial electricity transmission in China." Applied Energy 187, no. : 438-448.

Journal article
Published: 23 February 2016 in Environmental Management
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Coal power generation capacity is expanding rapidly in the arid northwest regions in China. Its impact on water resources is attracting growing concerns from policy-makers, researchers, as well as mass media. This paper briefly describes the situation of electricity-water conflict in China and provides a comprehensive review on a variety of water resources management policies in China's coal power industry. These policies range from mandatory regulations to incentive-based instruments, covering water withdrawal standards, technological requirements on water saving, unconventional water resources utilization (such as reclaimed municipal wastewater, seawater, and mine water), water resources fee, and water permit transfer. Implementing these policies jointly is of crucial importance for alleviating the water stress from the expanding coal power industry in China.

ACS Style

Chao Zhang; Lijin Zhong; Xiaotian Fu; Zhongnan Zhao. Managing Scarce Water Resources in China’s Coal Power Industry. Environmental Management 2016, 57, 1188 -1203.

AMA Style

Chao Zhang, Lijin Zhong, Xiaotian Fu, Zhongnan Zhao. Managing Scarce Water Resources in China’s Coal Power Industry. Environmental Management. 2016; 57 (6):1188-1203.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chao Zhang; Lijin Zhong; Xiaotian Fu; Zhongnan Zhao. 2016. "Managing Scarce Water Resources in China’s Coal Power Industry." Environmental Management 57, no. 6: 1188-1203.

Research article
Published: 03 February 2016 in Environmental Science & Technology
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This study reveals the spatial distribution of water withdrawal and consumption by thermal power generation and the associated water stress at catchment level in China based on a high-resolution geodatabase of electric generating units and power plants. We identified three groups of regions where the baseline water stress exerted by thermal power generation is comparatively significant: (1) the Hai River Basin/East Yellow River Basin in the north; (2) some arid catchments in Xinjiang Autonomous Region in the northwest; and (3) the coastal city clusters in the Yangtze River Delta, Pearly River Delta, and Zhejiang Province. Groundwater stress is also detected singularly in a few aquifers mainly in the Hai River Basin and the lower reaches of the Yellow River Basin. As China accelerates its pace of coal mining and coal-fired power generation in the arid northwest regions, the energy/water priorities in catchments under high water stress are noteworthy. We conclude that promotion of advanced water-efficient technologies in the energy industry and more systematic analysis of the water stress of thermal power capacity expansion in water scarce regions in inland China are needed. More comprehensive and transparent data monitoring and reporting are essential to facilitate such water stress assessment.

ACS Style

Chao Zhang; Lijin Zhong; Xiaotian Fu; Jiao Wang; Zhixuan Wu. Revealing Water Stress by the Thermal Power Industry in China Based on a High Spatial Resolution Water Withdrawal and Consumption Inventory. Environmental Science & Technology 2016, 50, 1642 -1652.

AMA Style

Chao Zhang, Lijin Zhong, Xiaotian Fu, Jiao Wang, Zhixuan Wu. Revealing Water Stress by the Thermal Power Industry in China Based on a High Spatial Resolution Water Withdrawal and Consumption Inventory. Environmental Science & Technology. 2016; 50 (4):1642-1652.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chao Zhang; Lijin Zhong; Xiaotian Fu; Jiao Wang; Zhixuan Wu. 2016. "Revealing Water Stress by the Thermal Power Industry in China Based on a High Spatial Resolution Water Withdrawal and Consumption Inventory." Environmental Science & Technology 50, no. 4: 1642-1652.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2015 in Ecological Modelling
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Knowing the carbon emission baseline of a region is a precondition for any mitigation effort, but the baselines are highly dependent on the system boundaries for which they are calculated. On the basis of sectoral energy statistics and a nested provincial and global multi-regional input-output model, we calculate and compare four different system boundaries for China's 30 provinces and major cities. The results demonstrate significant differences in the level of emissions for the different system boundaries. Moreover, the associated emissions with each system boundary varies with the regional development level, i.e. richer areas outsource more emissions to other areas, or in other words boundary 4 emissions are higher than boundary 1 emissions for rich areas and vice versa for poor areas. Given these significant differences it is important to be aware of the implications the choice of an accounting system might have on outcomes

ACS Style

Zhu Liu; Kuishuang Feng; Klaus Hubacek; Sai Liang; Laura Diaz Anadon; Chao Zhang; Dabo Guan. Four system boundaries for carbon accounts. Ecological Modelling 2015, 318, 118 -125.

AMA Style

Zhu Liu, Kuishuang Feng, Klaus Hubacek, Sai Liang, Laura Diaz Anadon, Chao Zhang, Dabo Guan. Four system boundaries for carbon accounts. Ecological Modelling. 2015; 318 ():118-125.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhu Liu; Kuishuang Feng; Klaus Hubacek; Sai Liang; Laura Diaz Anadon; Chao Zhang; Dabo Guan. 2015. "Four system boundaries for carbon accounts." Ecological Modelling 318, no. : 118-125.

Journal article
Published: 22 September 2014 in Environmental Science & Technology
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The energy sector is increasingly facing water scarcity constraints in many regions around the globe, especially in China, where the unprecedented large-scale construction of coal-fired thermal power plants is taking place in its extremely arid northwest regions. As a response to water scarcity, air-cooled coal power plants have experienced dramatic diffusion in China since the middle 2000s. By the end of 2012, air-cooled coal-fired thermal power plants in China amounted to 112 GW, making up 14% of China's thermal power generation capacity. But the water conservation benefit of air-cooled units is achieved at the cost of lower thermal efficiency and consequently higher carbon emission intensity. We estimate that in 2012 the deployment of air-cooled units contributed an additional 24.3-31.9 million tonnes of CO2 emissions (equivalent to 0.7-1.0% of the total CO2 emissions by China's electric power sector), while saving 832-942 million m(3) of consumptive water use (about 60% of the total annual water use of Beijing) when compared to a scenario with water-cooled plants. Additional CO2 emissions from air-cooled plants largely offset the CO2 emissions reduction benefits from Chinese policies of retiring small and outdated coal plants. This water-carbon trade-off is poised to become even more significant by 2020, as air-cooled units are expected to grow by a factor of 2-260 GW, accounting for 22% of China's total coal-fired power generation capacity.

ACS Style

Chao Zhang; Laura Diaz Anadon; Hongpin Mo; Zhongnan Zhao; Zhu Liu. Water−Carbon Trade-off in China’s Coal Power Industry. Environmental Science & Technology 2014, 48, 11082 -11089.

AMA Style

Chao Zhang, Laura Diaz Anadon, Hongpin Mo, Zhongnan Zhao, Zhu Liu. Water−Carbon Trade-off in China’s Coal Power Industry. Environmental Science & Technology. 2014; 48 (19):11082-11089.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chao Zhang; Laura Diaz Anadon; Hongpin Mo; Zhongnan Zhao; Zhu Liu. 2014. "Water−Carbon Trade-off in China’s Coal Power Industry." Environmental Science & Technology 48, no. 19: 11082-11089.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2014 in Ecological Economics
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ACS Style

Chao Zhang; Laura Diaz Anadon. A multi-regional input–output analysis of domestic virtual water trade and provincial water footprint in China. Ecological Economics 2014, 100, 159 -172.

AMA Style

Chao Zhang, Laura Diaz Anadon. A multi-regional input–output analysis of domestic virtual water trade and provincial water footprint in China. Ecological Economics. 2014; 100 ():159-172.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chao Zhang; Laura Diaz Anadon. 2014. "A multi-regional input–output analysis of domestic virtual water trade and provincial water footprint in China." Ecological Economics 100, no. : 159-172.

Journal article
Published: 11 February 2014 in Environmental Science & Technology
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Top-down analysis of virtual atmospheric mercury emission networks can direct efficient demand-side policy making on mercury reductions. Taking China-the world's top atmospheric mercury emitter-as a case, we identify key contributors to China's atmospheric mercury emissions from both the producer and the consumer perspectives. China totally discharged 794.9 tonnes of atmospheric mercury emissions in 2007. China's production-side control policies should mainly focus on key direct mercury emitters such as Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Henan, Hunan, Guizhou, Yunnan, and Inner Mongolia provinces and sectors producing metals, nonmetallic mineral products, and electricity and heat power, while demand-side policies should mainly focus on key underlying drivers of mercury emissions such as Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Guangdong provinces and sectors of construction activities and equipment manufacturing. China's interregional embodied atmospheric mercury flows are generally moving from the inland to the east coast. Beijing-Tianjin (with 4.8 tonnes of net mercury inflows) and South Coast (with 3.3 tonnes of net mercury inflows) are two largest net-inflow regions, while North (with 5.3 tonnes of net mercury outflows) is the largest net-outflow region. We also identify primary supply chains contributing to China's virtual atmospheric mercury emission network, which can be used to trace the transfers of production-side and demand-side policy effects.

ACS Style

Sai Liang; Chao Zhang; Yafei Wang; Ming Xu; Weidong Liu. Virtual Atmospheric Mercury Emission Network in China. Environmental Science & Technology 2014, 48, 2807 -2815.

AMA Style

Sai Liang, Chao Zhang, Yafei Wang, Ming Xu, Weidong Liu. Virtual Atmospheric Mercury Emission Network in China. Environmental Science & Technology. 2014; 48 (5):2807-2815.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sai Liang; Chao Zhang; Yafei Wang; Ming Xu; Weidong Liu. 2014. "Virtual Atmospheric Mercury Emission Network in China." Environmental Science & Technology 48, no. 5: 2807-2815.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2013 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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ACS Style

Chao Zhang; M. Bruce Beck; Jining Chen. Gauging the impact of global trade on China's local environmental burden. Journal of Cleaner Production 2013, 54, 270 -281.

AMA Style

Chao Zhang, M. Bruce Beck, Jining Chen. Gauging the impact of global trade on China's local environmental burden. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2013; 54 ():270-281.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chao Zhang; M. Bruce Beck; Jining Chen. 2013. "Gauging the impact of global trade on China's local environmental burden." Journal of Cleaner Production 54, no. : 270-281.

Journal article
Published: 30 April 2012 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Synthetic ammonia production is an energy intensive industry in China that creates considerable water pollution. The complex structure of the sector and its dynamic development make effective environmental policy for the synthetic ammonia industry a challenge. In this paper, we established a bottom-up technology model for China’s synthetic ammonia industry. Production of synthetic ammonia was divided into 12 combinations according to different feedstock types, production processes and plant sizes. 9 key energy conservation technologies and 8 key pollution prevention technologies were incorporated into the model. 4 policy scenarios were designed to project future water pollution emission and energy consumption trends: (1) production capacity replacement, (2) promoting cleaner technologies, (3) upgrading end-of-pipe treatment and (4) a combination of the above three measures. Furthermore, a Monte Carlo stochastic simulation method was introduced to explore the correlations between environmental performances and different structural factors and technologies. Plant size was found to be the most relevant factor for reducing water pollution. However, raw material types and corresponding production processes are more relevant for energy conservation. Finally, the relative importance of all pollution prevention and energy conservation technologies was also assessed through stochastic simulations.

ACS Style

Chao Zhang; Jining Chen; Zongguo Wen. Assessment of policy alternatives and key technologies for energy conservation and water pollution reduction in China’s synthetic ammonia industry. Journal of Cleaner Production 2012, 25, 96 -105.

AMA Style

Chao Zhang, Jining Chen, Zongguo Wen. Assessment of policy alternatives and key technologies for energy conservation and water pollution reduction in China’s synthetic ammonia industry. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2012; 25 ():96-105.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chao Zhang; Jining Chen; Zongguo Wen. 2012. "Assessment of policy alternatives and key technologies for energy conservation and water pollution reduction in China’s synthetic ammonia industry." Journal of Cleaner Production 25, no. : 96-105.