Hydrogen mobility is expected to be a crucial element in decarbonizing fossil fuel-based transportation. In South Korea, hydrogen mobility has successfully formed an early market led by fuel cell passenger cars under strong support policies. Nevertheless, the fuel cell vehicle (FCV) market is still in its infancy, and current challenges must be overcome to achieve mass-market adoption. This study aims to identify the current challenges in the diffusion of FCVs in Korea. We identified the key challenges facing FCVs from a consumer perspective with data from the latest FCV customer survey. The data were applied to estimate ordered logit models of fuel cell car satisfaction and purchase intention. Significant challenges in Korea were identified from the perspective of vehicles, infrastructure, and renewable energy. Vehicle-related challenges include concerns about vehicle durability, such as recalls and repairs, and maintenance and repair costs. Infrastructure-related challenges include the fueling accessibility and fueling failures due to hydrogen refueling station facility failures, or hydrogen supply problems. Challenges related to renewable energy include the low proportion of hydrogen from renewable sources. To achieve the large-scale diffusion of FCVs, it is important to maintain support policies and attract new FCV demand, such as long-distance heavy-duty vehicles.

As the number of electric vehicles increases, effective charging infrastructure planning and grid load management strategies become more important. This requires a better understanding of charging behaviors and accurate forecasting of charging demand. This study aimed to analyze the charging patterns of electric cars using the panel data of one year from 2023. Using this longitudinal data, we explored the spatiotemporal characteristics of charging patterns in Korea, examined the regularities of charging patterns, and quantified the variability in charging and travel behaviors. According to the results, the proportion of drivers with regular charging patterns was 75%, and the proportion of drivers with irregular charging patterns was 25%. We applied a method to quantify the variability in EV travel and charging patterns and explored factors affecting the variability. The variability in charging frequencies and trips showed similar patterns, which implies that EV trips and charging behaviors are highly correlated, and travel characteristics are an important factor in explaining charging behaviors.