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Fuji Jian
Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada

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Journal article
Published: 09 June 2021 in Journal of Stored Products Research
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Segregation of dockage and foreign materials (DFM) is an unavoidable phenomenon in bulk grain and causes many problems. In this study, distributions of DFM, and shrunken and broken kernels (SBK) were determined during loading of wheat in a 10-m diameter flat-bottom cylindrical bin. Wheat was loaded through a vertical funnel (spout) into the bin from five drop heights (1.6, 2.5, 3.4, 4.3 and 5.2 m). Samples were collected using a sampling tube (29 cm diameter and 50 cm deep) inserted vertically at five locations (0.00, 1.25, 2.50, 3.75 and 5.00 m of horizontal distances from the center) along three radii of the bin for each drop height. The impurities from each collected sample were divided into five categories with different sizes (other grains, other particles, SBK, fine particles, and dust and fragments) by sieving analyses. Impurities larger and smaller than wheat kernels were categorized as large and small impurities, respectively. Drop height significantly influenced the radial distribution of fine particles, dust and fragments, but not the distribution of other grains and other particles. Fine particles and dust and fragments mainly accumulated in the center, while SBK accumulated mostly near the wall of the bin. Both true density and apparent test weight (bulk density) of unclean wheat and test weight of clean wheat significantly changed along the radius of bin. Apparent test weight of unclean wheat was minimum in the center and close to the wall of bin. Drop height did not influence true density and apparent test weight of clean and unclean wheat. Thousand kernel weight, dimensions, and sphericity of wheat kernels were similar at different radial locations of bin for all drop heights. This study can be used as a reference for further studies on grain handling and associated effects on grain grading system and design of aeration, drying, and insect control. .

ACS Style

Alireza Salarikia; Fuji Jian; Digvir S. Jayas; Qiang Zhang. Segregation of dockage and foreign materials in wheat during loading into a 10-m diameter corrugated steel bin. Journal of Stored Products Research 2021, 93, 101837 .

AMA Style

Alireza Salarikia, Fuji Jian, Digvir S. Jayas, Qiang Zhang. Segregation of dockage and foreign materials in wheat during loading into a 10-m diameter corrugated steel bin. Journal of Stored Products Research. 2021; 93 ():101837.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alireza Salarikia; Fuji Jian; Digvir S. Jayas; Qiang Zhang. 2021. "Segregation of dockage and foreign materials in wheat during loading into a 10-m diameter corrugated steel bin." Journal of Stored Products Research 93, no. : 101837.

Journal article
Published: 05 February 2021 in Journal of Stored Products Research
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Flat grain beetles (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) are common stored-product insect pests in Canada, infesting cereals in grain bins, equipment and end products in flour mills. We studied the cold tolerance of the three most common flat grain beetles: Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Cryptolestes turcicus and Cryptolestes pusillus, by measuring the survival at −10 °C and supercooling point (SCP) for different life stages (egg, young larva, old larva, pupa and adult) reared on flour mixed with brewer’s yeast. Probit analysis was used to estimate the lethal time for 50 and 95% mortality. This was done with non-acclimated individuals (only held at 30 °C) or cold-acclimated individuals (held at 18, 10 and 5 °C, for 1 week/temperature). In general, adults were the most cold-hardy stage for each of the species. Acclimated insects were anywhere from no increase in cold tolerance to 14-fold more cold-tolerant than the corresponding non-acclimated stage and species. Cryptolestes ferrugineus was most cold-tolerant species (58 d at −10 °C to reach 95% mortality for acclimated adult), C. turcicus was the next most cold-tolerant, (39 d) and C. pusillus was the least cold-tolerant (11 d). The cold tolerance of adults reared on three diets was measured both for acclimated and non-acclimated insects. The adults reared on grain diet (whole wheat kernels, cracked wheat kernels and wheat germ (90:5:5 mass ratio) were the most cold-tolerant, adults reared on white-wheat flour and brewer’s yeast diet (95:5 mass ratio) had the next highest cold tolerance followed by the adults reared on 100% white-wheat flour. Supercooling point (SCP) of insects ranged from −20.6 to −26.7 °C. In general, acclimated insects had slightly lower SCP than non-acclimated insects.

ACS Style

Lavanya Ganesan; P.G. Fields; D.S. Jayas; F. Jian. Effects of developmental stage, cold acclimation and diet on the cold tolerance of three species of Cryptolestes (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae). Journal of Stored Products Research 2021, 91, 101773 .

AMA Style

Lavanya Ganesan, P.G. Fields, D.S. Jayas, F. Jian. Effects of developmental stage, cold acclimation and diet on the cold tolerance of three species of Cryptolestes (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae). Journal of Stored Products Research. 2021; 91 ():101773.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lavanya Ganesan; P.G. Fields; D.S. Jayas; F. Jian. 2021. "Effects of developmental stage, cold acclimation and diet on the cold tolerance of three species of Cryptolestes (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae)." Journal of Stored Products Research 91, no. : 101773.

Journal article
Published: 19 December 2020 in Journal of Stored Products Research
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Heat treatment, an environmental friendly insect control method, has been applied to disinfest grain storage and food processing facilities. Movement of Tribolium confusum adults into grain piles (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, or 5.0 kg oat groats) was investigated at constant temperatures (30, 35, 37.5, 40, 45, or 50 °C) or rising temperatures (at a rate of 0.05 °C/min from 24 to 54 °C in laboratory, or from approximately 30 to 60 °C in a mill during a heat treatment). Adults moved among locations, paper surface, surface of grain pile and inside grain pile. There was preference for the grain at ≤37.5 °C. No single adult always stayed inside grain piles at 30 °C. At rising temperatures, adults preferred grain piles (on the surface of or inside grain piles) and moved into cold grain regardless of adult introduction methods (introduced on surface of groats piles, on paper, or premixed with groats). Rising temperatures did not drive adults out of grain piles during heat treatment.

ACS Style

Jianhua Lü; Fuji Jian; Paul Fields. Preference of Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) adults to grain patches under constant and rising temperatures. Journal of Stored Products Research 2020, 90, 101756 .

AMA Style

Jianhua Lü, Fuji Jian, Paul Fields. Preference of Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) adults to grain patches under constant and rising temperatures. Journal of Stored Products Research. 2020; 90 ():101756.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jianhua Lü; Fuji Jian; Paul Fields. 2020. "Preference of Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) adults to grain patches under constant and rising temperatures." Journal of Stored Products Research 90, no. : 101756.

Journal article
Published: 16 December 2020 in Ecological Modelling
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A basic model structure was suggested to correlate the biological age of an organism with its aging, development, and multiplication. This simple model had the similar basic assumptions as the degree-day model, but was more theoretical comprehensive and approachable. The proposed methodological and mathematical framework was based on the same shape concept of various distributions of an organism. A new term, Physi-Biological time, was introduced to calculate the Physi-Biological age which was the product of the chronological time, maximum lifespan, and development rate of the organism at the given environmental condition. The Physi-Biological time was used to normalize the distribution of an organism development under different environmental conditions, so the development of the organism at one environmental condition with the maximum lifespan could be mapped to the development of the same organism at other environmental conditions. The ageing, mortality, oviposition of adults of Cryptolestes ferrugineus were used as an example to demonstrate the modeling method. The prediction was consistent with the measured data published by different researchers.

ACS Style

Fuji Jian. A novel model to quantify ages of organisms and predict development time distribution of their growth stages. Ecological Modelling 2020, 440, 109391 .

AMA Style

Fuji Jian. A novel model to quantify ages of organisms and predict development time distribution of their growth stages. Ecological Modelling. 2020; 440 ():109391.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fuji Jian. 2020. "A novel model to quantify ages of organisms and predict development time distribution of their growth stages." Ecological Modelling 440, no. : 109391.

Articles
Published: 16 November 2019 in Drying Technology
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A new mathematical model, based on energy and mass conservation, to simulate grain aeration was developed. The developed model considered the sorption, desorption, and hysteresis of canola and the heat transfer in the normal direction to the airflow at the bin walls. The developed model was compared with a published model, which was verified by different research groups. The main difference between the new model and the published models was that the new model determined the isotherm status including hysteresis of the aerated canola by evaluating the vapor pressure. Canola temperature, RH, and moisture content measured during aeration inside grain columns were used to verify the developed model. The grain columns (0.2 m inner diameter, 1.5 m high) were filled with 11.8% moisture content (wet basis) canola and aerated at 0.00275 m/s superficial velocity with the air temperature of 10, 15, and 20 °C and relative humidity of 75 ± 10%. The developed new model did not over- or under-predict the moisture contents in most parts of the columns, and had a better prediction of canola moisture content than that of the published model. Including the hysteresis evaluation in the developed model notably increased the model prediction accuracy.

ACS Style

Fuji Jian; Jingyun Liu; Digvir S. Jayas. A new mathematical model to simulate sorption, desorption and hysteresis of stored canola during aeration. Drying Technology 2019, 38, 2190 -2201.

AMA Style

Fuji Jian, Jingyun Liu, Digvir S. Jayas. A new mathematical model to simulate sorption, desorption and hysteresis of stored canola during aeration. Drying Technology. 2019; 38 (16):2190-2201.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fuji Jian; Jingyun Liu; Digvir S. Jayas. 2019. "A new mathematical model to simulate sorption, desorption and hysteresis of stored canola during aeration." Drying Technology 38, no. 16: 2190-2201.

Journal article
Published: 05 June 2019 in Journal of Stored Products Research
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Safe storage times of hemp seeds (cultivar: FINOLA®) were studied by storing the hemp seeds with three dockage levels (0, 5, and 15%) at four temperatures (20, 25, 30 and 35°C), four relative humidities (50, 63, 75, and 92%) for up to 26 wk. To evaluate the safe storage time, the following storage parameters were measured or determined: seed germination, free fatty acid value (FAV) of seeds, and visible and invisible mold. Dockage percentages did not significantly influence equilibrium moisture content, FAV, germination loss and the time of the first appearance of visible and invisible mold and number of kernels infected by storage fungi. This non-influence was caused by the experimental setup because the heat and water produced by the spoiled hemp seeds with dockage were diffused out of the 1 kg sample. Hemp seeds with 15% dockage had slightly faster germination loss than that with lower percentages of dockage. The FAV of hemp seeds had a negative correlation with germination. Based on the time for 20% initial germination losses, the safe storage guidelines of stored bulks of hemp seeds were developed and mathematically modelled. The recommended safe storage moisture content was 8% under Canadian conditions. At 25 °C, the safe storage time was 20.8 and 2.8 wk if the hemp seeds without dockage had 8% and 14% moisture contents, respectively.

ACS Style

Fuji Jian; Abdullah Al Mamun; Noel D.G. White; Digvir S. Jayas; Paul G. Fields; Jennifer McCombe. Safe storage times of FINOLA® hemp (Cannabis sativa) seeds with dockage. Journal of Stored Products Research 2019, 83, 34 -43.

AMA Style

Fuji Jian, Abdullah Al Mamun, Noel D.G. White, Digvir S. Jayas, Paul G. Fields, Jennifer McCombe. Safe storage times of FINOLA® hemp (Cannabis sativa) seeds with dockage. Journal of Stored Products Research. 2019; 83 ():34-43.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fuji Jian; Abdullah Al Mamun; Noel D.G. White; Digvir S. Jayas; Paul G. Fields; Jennifer McCombe. 2019. "Safe storage times of FINOLA® hemp (Cannabis sativa) seeds with dockage." Journal of Stored Products Research 83, no. : 34-43.

Journal article
Published: 09 May 2019 in Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
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Sticky board traps are widely used to capture insects in grain bins or warehouses and their surroundings. An Online Insect Trapping Device (OITD), developed by our group, was used to automatically acquire images of insects captured on sticky boards. In order to improve the identification performance of high-noise and low-resolution insect images taken by the OITD, a Low-Resolution Image restoration Classifier Network (LRIRCNet) based on Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) was developed and evaluated for its performance in this paper. To evaluate effectiveness of the developed LRIRCNet, a dataset of 3327 paired images with high- and low-resolutions was established. The 3327 paired images include pairs of 634, 612, 528, 522 and 1031 single insect images of five species of stored-grain insects, namely Sitophilus oryzae (L.), Lasioderma serricorne (F.), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), Rhizopertha dominica (F.), and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.); respectively. An additional 3500 low-resolution images with a single insect on each image and without paired high resolution images were also used as test data after the 3327 paired images were used. The average recall rate of the proposed classifier network for the low-resolution images was higher than that when an un-adversarial classifier network was used. The maximum difference of the recall rate between the two networks was 19 percentage point.

ACS Style

Huiling Zhou; Haiwei Miao; Jiangtao Li; Fuji Jian; Digvir S. Jayas. A low-resolution image restoration classifier network to identify stored-grain insects from images of sticky boards. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 2019, 162, 593 -601.

AMA Style

Huiling Zhou, Haiwei Miao, Jiangtao Li, Fuji Jian, Digvir S. Jayas. A low-resolution image restoration classifier network to identify stored-grain insects from images of sticky boards. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 2019; 162 ():593-601.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Huiling Zhou; Haiwei Miao; Jiangtao Li; Fuji Jian; Digvir S. Jayas. 2019. "A low-resolution image restoration classifier network to identify stored-grain insects from images of sticky boards." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 162, no. : 593-601.

Review
Published: 07 April 2019 in Insects
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Insect movement inside and outside grain bulks and processed products influences pest management decisions. Movement allows insects to find essential food resources, shelters (refuges), warmer and/or humid locations, mating and egg-laying sites, even when they are rare in fields, buildings, mills, warehouses, and inside grain masses. This review discussed the advantages and disadvantages of stored product insect movements, and the influence of insect mobility on some integrated pest management practices. Insect movement (1) results in clumped insect spatial distributions and thus makes large sample sizes necessary for monitoring; (2) makes trapping more efficient, but is influenced by many factors; (3) allows control methods to be effective, but requires pest management programs to be area-wide; (4) makes eradication of quarantine pests difficult and commodities are quickly re-infested; and (5) results in a diverse genetic pool and speeds the development of resistance to pesticides. Any element of an IPM approach should use the knowledge of insect movement. Reasons for the difficult interpretation of cryptic movement behaviours of insects were provided and future research areas were suggested.

ACS Style

Fuji Jian. Influences of Stored Product Insect Movements on Integrated Pest Management Decisions. Insects 2019, 10, 100 .

AMA Style

Fuji Jian. Influences of Stored Product Insect Movements on Integrated Pest Management Decisions. Insects. 2019; 10 (4):100.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fuji Jian. 2019. "Influences of Stored Product Insect Movements on Integrated Pest Management Decisions." Insects 10, no. 4: 100.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2019 in Powder Technology
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ACS Style

Ramasamy B. Narendran; Fuji Jian; Digvir S. Jayas; Paul G. Fields; Noel D.G. White. Segregation of canola, kidney bean, and soybean in wheat bulks during bin loading. Powder Technology 2019, 344, 307 -313.

AMA Style

Ramasamy B. Narendran, Fuji Jian, Digvir S. Jayas, Paul G. Fields, Noel D.G. White. Segregation of canola, kidney bean, and soybean in wheat bulks during bin loading. Powder Technology. 2019; 344 ():307-313.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ramasamy B. Narendran; Fuji Jian; Digvir S. Jayas; Paul G. Fields; Noel D.G. White. 2019. "Segregation of canola, kidney bean, and soybean in wheat bulks during bin loading." Powder Technology 344, no. : 307-313.

Review
Published: 25 December 2018 in Journal of Stored Products Research
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Stored grain is a mixture of grain kernels, dockage, and foreign materials. During the handling of grain bulks, segregation is a natural tendency of the grain mixture components differing in some properties such as size, shape, density, particle surface roughness, electrostatic charge, chemical affinities and stability, and/or thermal stability. Segregation causes many grain storage problems such as uneven distribution of airflow rate during grain drying and aeration. Due to the importance of uniform distribution of dockage and foreign material inside stored grain bins, minimization of segregation during grain storage and handling is necessary. This review characterized the kinematics and dynamics of segregation during grain loading and unloading, classified segregation mechanisms of grain bulks to four categories (trajectory, fluidization, shifting, and impact), identified the factors influencing the segregation, analyzed the relationship between airflow resistance and segregation, summarized the studies on the mathematical modeling of segregation, and provided the suggestions on the minimization of segregation. Mixtures consisting of multiple components and broad particle size distributions pose even greater difficulties in predicting segregation. Among these difficulties, the impediment is that there are few studies available to identify the segregation during grain handling. Therefore, conducting further studies on the segregation of grain mixtures in the future would be helpful.

ACS Style

Fuji Jian; Ramasamy B. Narendran; Digvir S. Jayas. Segregation in stored grain bulks: Kinematics, dynamics, mechanisms, and minimization – A review. Journal of Stored Products Research 2018, 81, 11 -21.

AMA Style

Fuji Jian, Ramasamy B. Narendran, Digvir S. Jayas. Segregation in stored grain bulks: Kinematics, dynamics, mechanisms, and minimization – A review. Journal of Stored Products Research. 2018; 81 ():11-21.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fuji Jian; Ramasamy B. Narendran; Digvir S. Jayas. 2018. "Segregation in stored grain bulks: Kinematics, dynamics, mechanisms, and minimization – A review." Journal of Stored Products Research 81, no. : 11-21.

Journal article
Published: 08 September 2018 in Biosystems Engineering
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We designed and fabricated a novel microwave device capable of detecting a single insect in grain samples. A test set-up was constructed by combining a planar active microwave resonator, a Peltier cell, and an insect cage. With the integration of a regenerative element, the active resonator had a quality factor as high as 21,600 even when placed in grain, an electrically lossy medium. The high sensitivity of the device allowed the characterisation of the activity of single adult insects Tribolium castaneum or Cryptolestes ferrugineus at different temperatures, as well as the reliable detection of single adult insects in grain samples. Our approach demonstrated the non-contact sensing technique that could assist in decision making for integrated pest management programs to monitor insects in stored grain.

ACS Style

Alex Reimer; Kelsey Wiebe; Jinwei Rao; Bimu Yao; Yongsheng Gui; Fuji Jian; Paul Fields; Digvir S. Jayas; Can-Ming Hu. A compact microwave device for monitoring insect activity in grain samples. Biosystems Engineering 2018, 175, 27 -35.

AMA Style

Alex Reimer, Kelsey Wiebe, Jinwei Rao, Bimu Yao, Yongsheng Gui, Fuji Jian, Paul Fields, Digvir S. Jayas, Can-Ming Hu. A compact microwave device for monitoring insect activity in grain samples. Biosystems Engineering. 2018; 175 ():27-35.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alex Reimer; Kelsey Wiebe; Jinwei Rao; Bimu Yao; Yongsheng Gui; Fuji Jian; Paul Fields; Digvir S. Jayas; Can-Ming Hu. 2018. "A compact microwave device for monitoring insect activity in grain samples." Biosystems Engineering 175, no. : 27-35.

Original research
Published: 20 July 2018 in Food Science & Nutrition
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Adsorption and desorption isotherms of hemp seeds with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of dockage were determined using the salt solution static (SSS) method. The wet hemp seeds with 0% dockage were also dried at 30℃ with 50% RH, 35℃ with 30% and 50% RH, and 40℃ with 30% and 50% RH inside a thin-layer dryer (thin-layer dynamic method). The hemp seeds with different percentages of dockage showed hysteresis, and this hysteresis became more obvious with the decrease of temperature. At the same condition, the equilibrium moisture content of hemp seeds with 0% dockage was approximately 0.5 percent points lower than that of the hemp seeds with dockage. The best equation to fit the equilibrium moisture content data under constant temperature and RH was the modified GAB equation for both adsorption and desorption isotherms. The constant rate period of drying was observed for <0.75 hr when drying air RH was 30% or when drying air temperature was 40℃. The Henderson and Pabis model was the best model to fit the thin-layer drying data. The equilibrium moisture contents measured by the SSS method were lower than those measured by the thin-layer dynamic method when temperature was ≤35℃.

ACS Style

Fuji Jian; Darsana Divagar; Jennifer Mhaiki; Digvir S. Jayas; Paul G. Fields; Noel D. G. White. Static and dynamic methods to determine adsorption isotherms of hemp seed (Cannabis sativa L.) with different percentages of dockage. Food Science & Nutrition 2018, 6, 1629 -1640.

AMA Style

Fuji Jian, Darsana Divagar, Jennifer Mhaiki, Digvir S. Jayas, Paul G. Fields, Noel D. G. White. Static and dynamic methods to determine adsorption isotherms of hemp seed (Cannabis sativa L.) with different percentages of dockage. Food Science & Nutrition. 2018; 6 (6):1629-1640.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fuji Jian; Darsana Divagar; Jennifer Mhaiki; Digvir S. Jayas; Paul G. Fields; Noel D. G. White. 2018. "Static and dynamic methods to determine adsorption isotherms of hemp seed (Cannabis sativa L.) with different percentages of dockage." Food Science & Nutrition 6, no. 6: 1629-1640.

Journal article
Published: 05 March 2018 in Environmental Entomology
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ACS Style

Fuji Jian; Digvir S Jayas; Paul G Fields; Noel D G White; Hao Zhang; Peian Tang. Demography of Rusty Grain Beetle in Stored Bulk Wheat: Part I, Population Dynamics at Different Temperatures and Grain Bulk Sizes. Environmental Entomology 2018, 47, 244 -255.

AMA Style

Fuji Jian, Digvir S Jayas, Paul G Fields, Noel D G White, Hao Zhang, Peian Tang. Demography of Rusty Grain Beetle in Stored Bulk Wheat: Part I, Population Dynamics at Different Temperatures and Grain Bulk Sizes. Environmental Entomology. 2018; 47 (2):244-255.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fuji Jian; Digvir S Jayas; Paul G Fields; Noel D G White; Hao Zhang; Peian Tang. 2018. "Demography of Rusty Grain Beetle in Stored Bulk Wheat: Part I, Population Dynamics at Different Temperatures and Grain Bulk Sizes." Environmental Entomology 47, no. 2: 244-255.

Journal article
Published: 05 March 2018 in Environmental Entomology
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ACS Style

Fuji Jian; Digvir S Jayas; Paul G Fields; Noel D G White. Demography of Rusty Grain Beetle in Stored Bulk Wheat: Part II. Mathematical Modeling to Characterize and Predict Population Dynamics. Environmental Entomology 2018, 47, 256 -263.

AMA Style

Fuji Jian, Digvir S Jayas, Paul G Fields, Noel D G White. Demography of Rusty Grain Beetle in Stored Bulk Wheat: Part II. Mathematical Modeling to Characterize and Predict Population Dynamics. Environmental Entomology. 2018; 47 (2):256-263.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fuji Jian; Digvir S Jayas; Paul G Fields; Noel D G White. 2018. "Demography of Rusty Grain Beetle in Stored Bulk Wheat: Part II. Mathematical Modeling to Characterize and Predict Population Dynamics." Environmental Entomology 47, no. 2: 256-263.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2018 in Computers and Electronics in Agriculture
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A detection and identification method for stored-grain insects was developed by applying deep neural network. Adults of following six species of common stored-grain insects mixed with grain and dockage were artificially added into the developed insect-trapping device: Cryptoleste Pusillus(S.), Sitophilus Oryzae(L.), Oryzaephilus Surinamensis(L.), Tribolium Confusum(Jaquelin Du Val), Rhizopertha Dominica(F.). Database of Red Green and Blue (RGB) images of these live insects was established. We used Faster R-CNN to extract areas which might contain the insects in these images and classify the insects in these areas. An improved inception network was developed to extract feature maps. Excellent results for the detection and classification of these insects were achieved. The test results showed that the developed method could detect and identify insects under stored grain condition, and its mean Average Precision (mAP) reached 88.

ACS Style

Yufeng Shen; Huiling Zhou; Jiangtao Li; Fuji Jian; Digvir S. Jayas. Detection of stored-grain insects using deep learning. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 2018, 145, 319 -325.

AMA Style

Yufeng Shen, Huiling Zhou, Jiangtao Li, Fuji Jian, Digvir S. Jayas. Detection of stored-grain insects using deep learning. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 2018; 145 ():319-325.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yufeng Shen; Huiling Zhou; Jiangtao Li; Fuji Jian; Digvir S. Jayas. 2018. "Detection of stored-grain insects using deep learning." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 145, no. : 319-325.

Articles
Published: 25 January 2018 in Drying Technology
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Desorption and adsorption isotherms and drying characteristics of red kidney beans were studied using static and dynamic methods, respectively. The desorption and adsorption isotherms were determined at 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, and 10°C with 32–91% relative humidity (RH). The constant RHs were generated using six saturated salt solutions at constant temperatures. The drying characteristics were determined using a thin-layer dryer with drying air at 50, 40, and 30°C with 35 and 50% RH. The dimensions of the kidney beans before and after drying were measured and shrinkage and sphericity of the beans were calculated. A new method to evaluate the best-fitted equation to characterize the thin-layer drying data was developed. The best-fitted equations to describe the desorption and adsorption isotherms were the modified Chung–Pfost and modified Guggenheim–Anderson–deBoer. The red kidney beans only experienced a falling rate drying period and had a largest shrinkage in the length direction during drying. The Henderson and Pabis model and the modified Page model were the best-fitted models to describe the thin-layer drying data. Using only the values of R2 and mean squared error to evaluate the semitheoretical and empirical models might not be enough. The method developed in this study could help develop a semitheoretical or empirical model with a higher accuracy of drying constant, which could be used to estimate the effective water diffusivity.

ACS Style

Fuji Jian; Digvir S. Jayas. Characterization of isotherms and thin-layer drying of red kidney beans, Part I: Choosing appropriate empirical and semitheoretical models. Drying Technology 2018, 36, 1696 -1706.

AMA Style

Fuji Jian, Digvir S. Jayas. Characterization of isotherms and thin-layer drying of red kidney beans, Part I: Choosing appropriate empirical and semitheoretical models. Drying Technology. 2018; 36 (14):1696-1706.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fuji Jian; Digvir S. Jayas. 2018. "Characterization of isotherms and thin-layer drying of red kidney beans, Part I: Choosing appropriate empirical and semitheoretical models." Drying Technology 36, no. 14: 1696-1706.

Journal article
Published: 25 January 2018 in Drying Technology
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Three-dimensional finite element models with consideration of shrinkage and irregular shape were developed to estimate the relationships among the transient heat and mass transfer coefficients, the transient water diffusivity, and the temperature and moisture content of the red kidney beans being dried under different drying conditions. An equation was developed to calculate the transient mass transfer coefficient using the measured time–moisture content data. This calculated transient mass transfer coefficient was further used to calculate the transient heat transfer coefficient. To verify the predicted temperature on the surface of the red kidney beans, surface temperature was measured using a handhold infrared thermometer. These measured temperature and time–moisture content data were used to determine the transient water diffusivity using the least square method when the red kidney bean kernel experienced a shrinkage during drying. Strong relationship among the transient heat and mass transfer coefficients, the water diffusivity, and the ratio of the transient heat and mass transfer coefficients was revealed. This relationship could be used to predict temperature and moisture content of the red kidney beans during the entire drying period. The Lewis number = 27, and the ratio of the transient heat over mass transfer coefficients was 10765 J m−3 k−1 at 30 and 40°C, and 10729 J m−3 k−1 at 50°C. Shrinkage did not significantly influence the value of the estimated transient water diffusivity.

ACS Style

Fuji Jian; Digvir S. Jayas. Characterization of isotherms and thin-layer drying of red kidney beans, Part II: Three-dimensional finite element models to estimate transient mass and heat transfer coefficients and water diffusivity. Drying Technology 2018, 36, 1707 -1718.

AMA Style

Fuji Jian, Digvir S. Jayas. Characterization of isotherms and thin-layer drying of red kidney beans, Part II: Three-dimensional finite element models to estimate transient mass and heat transfer coefficients and water diffusivity. Drying Technology. 2018; 36 (14):1707-1718.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fuji Jian; Digvir S. Jayas. 2018. "Characterization of isotherms and thin-layer drying of red kidney beans, Part II: Three-dimensional finite element models to estimate transient mass and heat transfer coefficients and water diffusivity." Drying Technology 36, no. 14: 1707-1718.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Applied Engineering in Agriculture
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Physical properties including physical dimensions (length, width and thickness), 1000 kernel weight, bulk density, true density, angles of repose, and angles of friction against four structural surfaces of white beans (or navy beans) and black beans ( L.) were measured at 12.1 ±0.3%, 14.0 ±0.0%, 16.0 ±0.2%, and 18.0 ±0.4% moisture contents (wet basis). Physical dimensions of beans were measured using a Vernier caliper and a digital imaging system and the results were compared. Physical dimensions and 1000 kernel weight of beans increased with the increase in moisture content from 12% to 18%. Physical dimensions of both beans measured using the Vernier caliper and the digital imaging system were similar except the thickness of the black bean at 12%, 14%, and 18% moisture contents. Bulk densities and true densities of both beans linearly decreased with the increase in moisture content. Emptying angle of repose was larger than the filling angle of repose for both beans. The filling angles of repose of both beans at 14% moisture content was significantly higher than that at other moisture contents. The largest angle of friction was against the wood-floated concrete followed by the steel-troweled concrete, galvanized steel, and plywood surface for both beans. Angle of friction against galvanized steel and plywood for both beans increased with increase in moisture content, whereas, angle of friction against wood-floated concrete and steel-troweled concrete decreased with increase in moisture content. Keywords: White beans, Black beans, Physical dimensions, Digital imaging system.

ACS Style

Thiruppathi Senthilkumar; Fuji Jian; Digvir S. Jayas; Ramasamy Boopathy Narendran. Physical Properties of White and Black Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). Applied Engineering in Agriculture 2018, 34, 749 -754.

AMA Style

Thiruppathi Senthilkumar, Fuji Jian, Digvir S. Jayas, Ramasamy Boopathy Narendran. Physical Properties of White and Black Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 2018; 34 (4):749-754.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thiruppathi Senthilkumar; Fuji Jian; Digvir S. Jayas; Ramasamy Boopathy Narendran. 2018. "Physical Properties of White and Black Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 34, no. 4: 749-754.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Applied Engineering in Agriculture
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Physical properties of hemp seeds (, L., cultivar Finola®) with 5%, 10%, and 15% foreign materials and dockages (FMD) at 9%, 12%, and 15% moisture contents (wet basis) were measured. The measured and determined physical properties include physical dimensions (length, width, thickness, kernel volume, sphericity, and average surface area), density (bulk and true density), porosity, weight of 1000 kernels, filling and empting angles of repose, and coefficients of friction on surfaces of plywood, galvanized steel, steel-troweled concrete, and wood-floated concrete. The mean value of the length, width, and thickness of the 50 kernels had a linear relationship with the increase of moisture content; however, this was not true for individual kernels. Bulk density of seeds at any FMD level decreased linearly or quadratically with the moisture content increase, while the true density had an opposite trend. Increasing FMD significantly increased the bulk density at any moisture content, and there were variations for the true density. There were gaps between the seed coat and cotyledon, and these gaps became smaller or disappeared when the seed moisture content was increased. This phenomenon resulted in the same average surface area, same volume, and exponential increase in porosity to 58.5% with the increase of moisture content. Increased FMD significantly decreased the porosity at any moisture content. Emptying angle of repose increased with the increase of moisture contents and percentage of FMD. Higher variability was observed in the filling angle of repose than in the emptying angle of repose. The coefficient of friction was the largest against wood-floated and steel-troweled concrete, followed by galvanized steel, and the smallest was against the plywood surface. Keywords: Angle of repose, Density, Foreign material and dockage (FMD), Friction against structural surface, Hemp seed, Physical dimensions.

ACS Style

Fuji Jian; Sam Yavari; Ramasamy Boopathy Narendran; Digvir S. Jayas. Physical Properties of Finola® Hemp Seeds: Clean and Containing Dockages. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 2018, 34, 1017 -1026.

AMA Style

Fuji Jian, Sam Yavari, Ramasamy Boopathy Narendran, Digvir S. Jayas. Physical Properties of Finola® Hemp Seeds: Clean and Containing Dockages. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 2018; 34 (6):1017-1026.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fuji Jian; Sam Yavari; Ramasamy Boopathy Narendran; Digvir S. Jayas. 2018. "Physical Properties of Finola® Hemp Seeds: Clean and Containing Dockages." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 34, no. 6: 1017-1026.

Journal article
Published: 20 July 2017 in International Journal of Food Science & Technology
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Empirical, semi-theoretical and finite element method (FEM) models were developed to simulate the water sorption of kidney beans. The data of bean moisture content and 1 D swelling ratios obtained in Part I were regressed at different soaking times, and these regression models were used to update the boundary condition and calculate the node coordinates of the FEM model. The developed models were used to calculate the effective water diffusivity (Deff). The developed new empirical model, which considered the soaking temperature and pretreatment history of beans, was the best-fit equation. The trend of the Deff calculated by the semi-theoretical model was inconsistent with the water sorption of the beans. The Deff value predicted by the FEM was from 10−3 to 10−7 m2 s−1 and it decreased with the increase in soaking time. There was no significant difference between the moisture contents measured and predicted by the FEM.

ACS Style

Fuji Jian; Digvir S. Jayas; Paul G. Fields; Noel D.G. White. Water sorption and cooking time of red kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.): part II - mathematical models of water sorption. International Journal of Food Science & Technology 2017, 52, 2412 -2421.

AMA Style

Fuji Jian, Digvir S. Jayas, Paul G. Fields, Noel D.G. White. Water sorption and cooking time of red kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.): part II - mathematical models of water sorption. International Journal of Food Science & Technology. 2017; 52 (11):2412-2421.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fuji Jian; Digvir S. Jayas; Paul G. Fields; Noel D.G. White. 2017. "Water sorption and cooking time of red kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.): part II - mathematical models of water sorption." International Journal of Food Science & Technology 52, no. 11: 2412-2421.