In the 21st century, thanks to advances in biotechnology and developing pharmaceutical technology, significant progress is being made in effective drug design. Drug targeting aims to ensure that the drug acts only in the pathological area; it is defined as the ability to accumulate selectively and quantitatively in the target tissue or organ, regardless of the chemical structure of the active drug substance and the method of administration. With drug targeting, conventional, biotechnological and gene-derived drugs target the body’s organs, tissues, and cells that can be selectively transported to specific regions. These systems serve as drug carriers and regulate the timing of release. Despite having many advantageous features, these systems have limitations in thoroughly treating complex diseases such as cancer. Therefore, combining these systems with nanoparticle technologies is imperative to treat cancer at both local and systemic levels effectively. The nanocarrier-based drug delivery method involves encapsulating target-specific drug molecules into polymeric or vesicular systems. Various drug delivery systems (DDS) were investigated and discussed in this review article. The first part discussed active and passive delivery systems, hydrogels, thermoplastics, microdevices and transdermal-based drug delivery systems. The second part discussed drug carrier systems in nanobiotechnology (carbon nanotubes, nanoparticles, coated, pegylated, solid lipid nanoparticles and smart polymeric nanogels). In the third part, drug targeting advantages were discussed, and finally, market research of commercial drugs used in cancer nanotechnological approaches was included.

This study focused on developing a novel composite phosphate-selective electrode for on-site and real-time applications using a silver polyglutaraldehyde phosphate and carbon nanotube (CNT) matrix. CNT-silver polyglutaraldehyde phosphate compound was synthesized and characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The potentiometric performance of the composite phosphate-selective electrode was then investigated. The results demonstrated that the composite phosphate-selective electrode exhibited good sensitivity, with a linear response in the concentration range of 1.0 × 10⁻⁴ to 1.0 × 10⁻² M for phosphate ions. The electrode also showed high selectivity towards phosphate ions compared to other anions, such as chloride and nitrate. Additionally, the electrode displayed a quick response time of less than 15 s, making it suitable for real-time measurements. The electrode was applied to surface and soil water samples. The results obtained from the water samples showed a strong correlation with those obtained from the preferred spectrophotometry method, highlighting the potential of the developed electrode for on-site and continuous monitoring of phosphate and offering an efficient and practical solution for various fields that require phosphate detection.