To ensure the efficient use of resources, particularly in water-scarce arid and semi-arid regions where abiotic stress threatens food security, assessing soil and climate suitability for specific crops is crucial. Simultaneously, food production must align with sustainable development goals by minimizing negative environmental impacts. Therefore, establishing agro-climatic suitability using a spatiotemporal approach is essential. This involves three key steps: first, determining the climatically appropriate months based on the species’ requirements (temporal suitability), and second, establishing the soil suitability of specific plots (spatial suitability). Following this, quantifying crop evapotranspiration allows for optimized water use. This study used climatic and soil variables from diverse data sources to characterize the study area. Subsequently, suitability classes for Portulaca oleracea were determined based on existing literature. Our analysis concerning temporal suitability revealed that June and July are the optimal months for sowing this species in all of the municipalities. Spatially, approximately 30% of the agricultural land use of the study area exhibits a highly suitable class in most municipalities. Both dimensions, the temporal and the spatially, were validated through Chi square (χ2) Goodness-of-Fit test and the χ2 test of independence, respectively. Consequently, for a one-month production cycle during periods of high suitability, estimated evapotranspiration values are between 210 and 245 mm. In brief, the study area demonstrates favorable agro-climatic conditions for P. oleracea cultivation in specific months of the year according to parameters used, with potential in a large proportion of agricultural land and achievable water requirements.

Background: Chili peppers in Mexico are one of the most important crops from the cultural, agronomic, nutritional and economic points of view. Objective: To evaluate the effects of biofertilization on agronomic and quality variables of jalapeño peppers. Methodology: During the spring-summer 2023 cycle in the experimental field of the Polytechnic University of the Laguna Region, the following treatments were applied in a genotype of hybrid jalapeño pepper Orizaba F1 in the open field: T1: Chemical fertilization (160-80-00), T2: Phytohormones Cytokinins (3000 ppm), gibberellins (35 ppm), auxins (35 ppm) at a dose of 1 L/ha, T3: Growth-promoting bacteria (PCBs) (Bacillus subtillis: 1x1010 CFU, Azospirillum brasilense, Azotobacter vinelandii, Pseudomonas fluorescens: 1x108 CFU), T4: Growth-promoting bacteria (PCBs) (Bacillus subtillis: 1x1010 CFU, Azospirillum brasilense, Azotobacter vinelandii, Pseudomonas fluorescens: 1x108 CFU) + Chemical fertilization (80-40-00), T5: chemical fertilization (80-40-00). Results: Significant differences were detected in the variables diameter and length of fruits, so that the application of bacteria plus chemical fertilization (T4) was statistically higher with 32.10 and 79.67 cm respectively. The application of T3 showed capacity to increase flavonoids and vitamin C with a mean of 935.20 mgEAG 100 g-1 and 123.20 mg 100 g-1. In capsaicin content, T3 showed potential for the increase of this compound with 250.40 mg mL-1. Implications: The study shows some results that can be used as a possible solution for the reduction of some chemical fertilizers in the cultivation of jalapeño peppers through the application of beneficial microorganisms. Conclusion: PCBs improve the growth and quality of jalapeño pepper fruits by increasing the content of flavonoids, vitamin C, capsaicin as well as the diameter and length of fruits, which may be associated with a biostimulant effect on the crop.

Background. Food production as the world population increases is an issue of global importance, resulting in uncertainty around agri-food security (AS). It is essential to apply new technology that monitors and makes crop management more efficient to achieve sustainable development (SD). One technology responsible for improving conventional farmers' practices is precision agriculture (PA) using tools such as big data analytics, artificial intelligence and geospatial analysis. In this sense, the monitoring of markers through satellite images requires knowledge for adequate interpretations. Some satellites have multispectral images, monitoring with these has demonstrated high precision in predicting crop yields. There are several satellites, Landsat 8 (L8) and Sentinel-2 (S2) are the most advanced and open access. Objective. To present the spectrophotometric fundamentals and current state of remote sensing with S2 multispectral images in relation to problems facing agriculture. It is concluded that remote sensing is a tool that contributes to the proper management of agricultural production, showing high reliability. Methodology. This review was carried out in accordance with the PRISMA statement (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses), a systematic analysis of literature in the databases was carried out. MDPI, Springer Link, Science Direct, Taylor and Francis and Google Scholar were consulted. The key words were “Sentinel-2, R2, Salinity, Pest, Nitrogen, Drought”. Zotero (www.zotero.org) was used as a free access bibliography manager; articles that were not related to the research objectives were excluded. Results. Articles related to the objective of this review were identified in the databases; the study was structured based on the needs of precision agriculture (PA). The importance of adequately managing the water demand of crops, salinity stress, pest detection and the movement of nitrogen (N) in the soil-plant-atmosphere interaction. Implications. Remote perception of phenomena at the field level represents an area for improvement in crop management. Increasing resource efficiency is crucial to achieving agri-food security (AS) and thus part of the sustainable development goals (SDGs). Conclusion. The S2 has multispectral images that, when processed, allow obtaining information about the crop, i.e. monitoring stress, humidity in plants and optimization of plant nutrition. With PA, decisions are made for crop management, costs are reduced by reducing losses due to crop stress, and resource efficiency increases.