En esta investigación se evalúa la degradación química y su impacto en los suelos de la cuenca del río Mantaro, en el departamento de Junín- Perú, considerando que esta es producto de procesos, sean de carácter natural como antropogénico. Los resultados de la investigación permiten determinar áreas que puedan estar impactadas negativamente en lo que se refiere a la distribución de metales pesados en los suelos. El estudio consiste en un muestreo de suelos, habiéndose recolectado 225 muestras superficiales y 64 muestras profundas. La técnica utilizada es especializada, para lo cual se utiliza como instrumento los estándares de calidad ambiental (ECA) de suelos. Al comparar los resultados analíticos con los ECA para suelos de uso agrícola, As (50ppm), Cd (0.9ppm) y Pb (70ppm), estos han sido superados largamente en algunos lugares en As (649ppm), Cd (16.9ppm) y Pb (2021ppm). La dispersión geoquímica en suelos de plomo, arsénico, mercurio y cadmio está relacionada a la carga metálica de las aguas del río Mantaro que transporta desde el norte, donde se emplaza la minería polimetálica de la Oroya que incluye la presencia de pasivos ambientales mineros.

El yacimiento Cañón Florida, en la región Amazonas, es un yacimiento Mississippi Valley Type (MVT) y alberga mineralización de Zn-Pb. Mediante un muestreo selectivo de 13 muestras de los sectores Karen Milagros y San Jorge, se han realizado estudios petromineragráficos, SEM, EPMA y posterior tratamiento estadístico de los resultados, obteniendo para el sector Karen Milagros la asociación más fuerte Zn-S-Fe-Se. El segundo clúster a su vez tiene 2 asociaciones: Ge-Ag-Ga, y Sn-Hg-In-Pb-Sb. Para las esfaleritas II del sector San Jorge, se observa la misma asociación que para las esfaleritas del sector Karen Milagros en lo que respecta a los dos clusters principales. En los clusters secundarios se observan diferencias, habiendo en este caso una mayor asociación entre el Se-Cu que con el Cu-Cd de las esfaleritas de Karen Milagros. En el segundo cluster también se observan diferencias, encontrándose ahora la asociación Sb-Pb y la asociación In-Sn, en contraste de la asociación Sn-Hg y (In-Pb) -Sb de las esfaleritas de Karen Milagros. El control de la temperatura en la composición es marcado particularmente para el sector Karen Milagros, en el cual se observan los valores más altos de Ge para las esfaleritas de menor temperatura.

To determine the reprocessing potential of mining liabilities, a comprehensive evaluation of the tailings deposit at the former Halcon mining unit in central Peru was conducted. Direct and indirect methods were employed, including geophysical surveys, sampling through six drill holes up to 9.62 meters deep, textural analysis, mineralogical characterization (optical microscopy, SEM, XRD, and reflectance spectroscopy), and ICP-MS chemical analysis, complemented by geostatistical modeling for resource estimation. Geochemical and mineralogical results reveal highly oxidizing, acidic conditions (pH 1.83–4.91) and significant concentrations of Zn (5.46%), Pb (1.58%), Cu (1.67%), Ag (244 ppm), and Au (3.6 ppm). These economic minerals predominate in fine-grained fractions with high degrees of liberation, favoring metallurgical recovery. Geostatistical modeling estimated a total tailings tonnage of 87,642 tons, highlighting zones of high localized economic potential, particularly for Zn and Ag. Considering specific recovery scenarios, penalties, operational costs, and metal prices, a net financial benefit of approximately US$11.35 million was projected. This pioneering study demonstrates the feasibility of converting environmental liabilities into economic assets through strategic reprocessing initiatives, contributing a robust model for mine tailings valorization within the South American circular economy framework.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the geochemistry of the Winchos Gabbro and its association with magnetite mineralization at the Winchospunta prospect located in Carhuamayo-Junin, Peru. The methodology included systematic sampling of 24 rock and mineralization samples, petrographic and geochemical laboratory analyses using X-ray diffraction and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), with emphasis on the mineralogical composition and geochemistry of major elements (Fe₂O₃, SiO₂, MgO), trace elements (V, Cr, Cu), and rare earth elements (LREE and HREE). The results indicated that the Winchos Gabbro contains 12–16% Fe₂O₃, while the Mitu Group volcanics contain 16–23%, in contrast with the massive magnetite in the region, which reaches Fe₂O₃ concentrations between 69% and 87%. These observations suggest a strong genetic connection between the Winchos Gabbro, the Mitu volcanics, and the formation of magnetite, reinforced by the association of trace elements such as V, Cr, and Cu, typical of magmatic and hydrothermal processes. Principal component analysis showed clear groupings, where elements like Cu and U are associated with hydrothermal phases, while Fe and Zn exhibit affinities with metal oxides. These results confirm that the magnetite mineralization in Winchospunta formed under conditions of hydrothermal-magmatic interaction, with differential contributions of elements from the intrusive and volcanic rocks, consolidating its potential as a significant mineral deposit.

National geological surveys are increasingly contributing to development strategies by generating geoscientific evidence that reduces uncertainty in public decision-making. In this context, metallogeny is particularly relevant because it links geodynamic evolution to ore-forming processes and the spatial organization of mineral potential, enabling coherent national-scale syntheses and a gradual transition toward prospectivity and prioritization approaches. This article reviews the evolution of metallogenic mapping and metallogenetic research in Peru, with emphasis on the institutional role of the Peruvian Geological Survey, INGEMMET. We propose to interpret this trajectory as a function of actionable geoscience, understood as the sustained effort to translate scientific interpretation into updatable, interoperable, and transferable products with the potential to support national planning, prioritization, and cooperation processes. The evolution is organized into four stages, defined by substantive changes in: (i) the evidence base (from expert synthesis to standardized databases and multi-technique characterization), (ii) integration frameworks (from provinces/areas to geotectonic units, metallogenic belts, and mineral systems), and (iii) decision-support orientation (from descriptive cartography to reproducible workflows and probabilistic prioritization). Stage I (1969–2000) comprises national syntheses and early mapping that structured the territory into provinces, subprovinces, and metallogenic areas, establishing an initial vocabulary and criteria. Stage II (2001–2010) is marked by multinational cooperation and systematic inventories (including the Andean Multinational Project, MAP), which provided standardized tables and symbology and enabled the transition to GIS-compatible products. During this period, the Metallogeny Program (2007) was formalized as a research group and a strategy based on geotectonic/tectonomagmatic units was adopted, emphasizing volcanic centers, calderas, and regional faults. A key outcome was the consolidation of a national framework of 23 metallogenic belts characterized by deposit type, metal association, and mineralization age. Stage III (2011–2022) groups specialized projects that deepened the evidence base at deposit and regional scales and expanded the thematic scope to strategic elements. Stage IV (2023–2026) reflects methodological maturation toward more structured workflows, explicit operationalization of variables and quantitative integration (for example, fuzzy logic), and a transition toward predictive–probabilistic approaches based on mineral systems and artificial intelligence/machine learning for prospectivity mapping. Finally, implications for public policy are discussed from an institutional perspective, including data governance and interoperability, transparent integration rules, and public dissemination through national geoportals (for example, GeoCatmin) as transfer mechanisms. We conclude with recommendations and a roadmap to strengthen actionable metallogeny within geological surveys.

Gold-vein deposits of the Nazca–Ocoña belt constitute an important economic resource for small- and medium-scale mining in Peru. However, the mineralogical and physicochemical controls governing gold distribution in these veins remain poorly understood. This study presents an integrated analysis of the Millonaria vein, San Juan de Chorunga, aimed at establishing the paragenetic sequence, characterizing the mode of occurrence of gold, and reconstructing the evolution of the hydrothermal fluids. Petrographic, ore microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, fluid inclusion microthermometry, and Au fire-assay data were integrated. The results indicate a main mineralizing stage, in which gold precipitated mainly in fractures and interstices of pyrite I and, subordinately, in microcavities within quartz I, as anhedral aggregates of native gold and electrum (Au ≈ 80%, Ag ≈ 20%). Specularite was also identified in fractures and interstices of pyrite I. A post-mineral substage I, characterized by milky quartz, carbonates, and subordinate sulfides, was also recognized, without significant gold precipitation. Fluid inclusions record homogenization temperatures of ~180–350 °C and low- to intermediate-salinity fluids (0.8–7.86 wt.% NaCl eq.). The data suggest at least two thermal contexts for gold mineralization, possibly influenced by dilution/mixing, local cooling, and redox changes.