Background: Ovarian cysts (OCs) are a common gynecological issue, with approximately 20% of women developing at least one pelvic mass during their lifetime. The incidence of large ovarian cysts has decreased substantially due to regular gynecological screenings. However, giant ovarian tumors still continue to pose significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Methods: We report two cases of giant ovarian tumors (GOTs). Case 1 involves a 17-year-old woman who presented with a 2-year history of gradual abdominal enlargement, accompanied by repeated attempts at weight reduction. A computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a large tumor. It was excised by laparotomy. Histopathologic examination revealed ovarian cystadenofibroma. Case 2 presents a 25-year-old female who had a 3-month history of progressive, severe abdominal distension and weight gain, accompanied by nausea and diarrhea. CT imaging revealed a giant cystic neoplasm. The cyst was removed by laparotomy. The histopathological study revealed the intestinal–endocervical mucinous borderline tumor. In this context, we performed a narrative literature review, including cases of giant ovarian tumors in young women over the past five years. We centered on diagnoses and management in these cases. Results: The surgical management of both cases was successful, with complete tumor excision and favorable postoperative outcomes. hese cases underscore the importance of including giant ovarian tumors in the differential diagnosis of young women presenting with progressive abdominal distension. The narrative review analyzed 39 relevant publications on the management of giant ovarian tumors in young women. Conclusions: It is important to highlight a possible risk of malignancy, and risk of fatal complications during the surgical removal of giant ovarian cysts (GOCs). To ensure safer and more successful outcomes, multidisciplinary care should be provided. The early detection and diagnosis of OCs are challenging, as patients may not seek medical attention until the tumor has become large enough to cause symptoms. It is crucial to raise awareness among family doctors and other primary care providers (PCPs) regarding OCs to ensure optimal diagnostic and therapeutic management and improve the outcomes for patients with OCs.

Introduction: The beneficial effect of probiotics on the improvement of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, as well as body mass index (BMI), has been demonstrated in various patient groups. We aimed to investigate the effect of a multi-strain probiotic on the hormonal balance of women with PCOS. Ethical approval was obtained from the Bioethical Committee. Methods: The study was designed as a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. The probiotic SanProbi^® Barrier capsules, which contain a unique composition of nine probiotic bacteria strains (Lactobacillus and Biffidobacterium), were used in the study. The mean age of the study participants was a mean of 28.42 ± 5.62 years. A total of 50 women with PCOS, diagnosed based on Rotterdam ESHRE criteria, were included in the study. Among them, 25 women were randomized to a placebo group, and 25 to a probiotic group. Results: A comparison of changes in individual hormone levels between groups confirmed statistically significant differences for TSH, androstenedione, SHBG, and BMI. In the case of LH, the statistical significance of the difference in delta change in the probiotic group was demonstrated with the use of a one-tailed test. Conclusions: Probiotic supplementation may serve as an alternative supporting treatment, especially in the phenotype of women with a high FAI index. Probiotic therapy is also effective in reducing BMI in overweight women with PCOS

The relationship between anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels and body weight, expressed through body mass index (BMI), in women with PCOS has been a topic of discussion for a long time, yet the literature continues to present conflicting data. The latest guidelines emphasize the growing role of AMH in the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome and suggest that it should become one of the diagnostic criteria for identifying this condition. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between AMH levels and BMI in reproductive-age patients. The bioethics committee approved the conduct of the study. Methods: A total of 193 patients diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) based on the Rotterdam criteria were included in the study group. The control group consisted of 196 patients who did not meet the diagnostic criteria for PCOS. Blood samples (5 mL of venous blood) were collected from all participants to determine AMH levels. Additionally, body weight and height were measured, and BMI was calculated. Results: The mean AMH level for women with PCOS was 7.187 ng/mL (median: 6.400 ng/mL) and was more than twice as high as women without PCOS (mean: 3.399 ng/mL, median: 2.835 ng/mL). The decline in the average AMH level occurs at an older age (35–39 years) in women with PCOS compared to women without PCOS (25–29 years). A significant negative correlation between AMH levels and BMI was observed only in women with PCOS in the 25–29 age group. In women in the 20–24 age group, this correlation takes the form of a statistical tendency. Conclusions: Obesity is a modifiable factor influencing AMH levels. The demonstrated relationship between AMH and BMI may contribute to the development of therapeutic protocols tailored to the patient’s clinical condition.

Background: The association between anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels, body weight and insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) has been extensively discussed, yet evidence remains conflicting. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the relationship between AMH levels and metabolic parameters among reproductive-age women with PCOS in Poland. Methods: This retrospective study included 156 women diagnosed with PCOS according to the Rotterdam criteria and 156 controls without PCOS. Serum AMH, fasting glucose, and fasting insulin concentrations were measured, and insulin resistance was assessed using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR). Multiple regression, interaction, and mediation analyses were performed to evaluate the relationships between BMI, insulin resistance, and AMH levels. Results: A negative association between AMH concentration and both fasting insulin and HOMA-IR was revealed. Subsequent analysis further demonstrated that the relationship between HOMA-IR and AMH is independent of BMI, whereas the association between BMI and AMH was weaker and likely mediated by insulin resistance. Conclusions: Insulin resistance appears to represent a stronger metabolic correlate of AMH levels than BMI in women with PCOS. These findings may suggest that metabolic dysfunction, rather than excess body weight alone, is more closely associated with AMH alterations in PCOS.

Background: The relationship between AMH (anti-Müllerian hormone) levels, fat distribution, and insulin resistance in women with PCOS has been widely studied, yet findings remain inconsistent. Recent guidelines emphasize the growing role of AMH in PCOS diagnosis and suggest its potential inclusion among diagnostic criteria, highlighting its relevance for guiding therapeutic management. Objectives: This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the association between AMH levels and metabolic parameters in overweight and obese reproductive-age women with PCOS. Ethical approval was obtained from the bioethics committee. Methods: Two groups of 52 women each were selected from PCOS patients treated at our clinic between 2024 and 2025: one with a waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) ≤ 0.85 and the other with a WHR > 0.85. Venous blood samples were collected to measure AMH, fasting glucose, and fasting insulin. Body height and weight were recorded to calculate body mass index (BMI), and insulin resistance was assessed using HOMA-IR. Waist and hip circumferences were measured to determine WHR. Results: The association between central adiposity and AMH in overweight and obese women with PCOS depended on insulin resistance. In insulin-resistant women, higher WHR was linked to lower AMH, whereas in women without insulin resistance, higher WHR corresponded to higher AMH levels. Conclusions: Insulin resistance appears to influence AMH in opposite directions depending on a woman’s WHR, suggesting its potential role in tailoring individualized treatment strategies.

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is frequently associated with insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Evidence regarding the metabolic effects of probiotics in PCOS remains inconsistent. This secondary analysis evaluated whether multispecies probiotic supplementation influenced glucose homeostasis, insulin resistance, and the lipid profile in women with PCOS. Methods: Data were derived from a 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in which 50 women with PCOS were assigned to receive either a nine-strain probiotic (1.0 × 10⁹ CFU/day) or placebo. Fasting and 120 min glucose and insulin concentrations, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides were assessed at baseline and follow-up. Treatment effects were evaluated using analysis of covariance adjusted for baseline values. The main analysis was based on participants with available follow-up data, and an intention-to-treat sensitivity analysis including all 50 randomized participants was performed using multiple imputation for missing follow-up measurements. Results: Forty-three participants were included in the complete-case analysis (probiotic, n = 19; placebo, n = 24); seven did not complete follow-up (six in the probiotic group, one in the placebo group). No statistically significant between-group differences were detected for glucose homeostasis, HOMA-IR, or lipid profile. The intention-to-treat sensitivity analysis yielded findings consistent with the complete-case analysis. Conclusions: Twelve weeks of multispecies probiotic supplementation did not result in statistically significant improvements in glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, or lipid profile compared with placebo. Given the relatively small sample size and limited precision of some estimates, clinically relevant effects cannot be excluded. Larger randomized controlled trials are warranted.