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Dr. Florence Carrouel
Laboratory “Systemic Health Care”, EA4129

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Research Keywords & Expertise

1 Periodontal Disease
1 Prevention
1 COVID 19
1 Microbiology & Host Interaction
1 Oral health and systemic diseases

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Periodontal Disease
COVID 19
Prevention
Oral health and systemic diseases

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Review
Published: 05 July 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Background: Pre-eclampsia, the second most frequent direct source of maternal mortality, is a multisystem gestational disorder characterized by proteinuria and maternal hypertension after the 20th gestational week. Although the causes of pre-eclampsia are still discussed, research has suggested that the placenta has a central place in the pathogenesis of this disease. Moreover, current surveys indicated that periodontal disorders observed during the pregnancy and more particularly, periodontal pathogens could be link to the risk of pre-eclampsia. Objectives: This article aims to review recent studies focusing on periodontal conditions and pathogens associated with pre-eclampsia. Methods: The process followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. Results: Metabolic conditions, immunological changes, fluctuating progesterone and estrogen levels of the pregnant woman induce a dysbiosis of the oral microbiota and contribute to increase inflammation of periodontal tissues. Periodontal pathogens could diffuse through the bloodstream inducing a placenta inflammatory response as well as inflammatory molecules produced in response to periodontopathogens could migrate through the bloodstream leading to a placenta inflammatory response. Also, periodontopathogens can colonize the vaginal microbiota through the gastrointestinal tract or during oro-genital contacts. Conclusion: A cumulative bi-directional relationship between periodontal conditions, pathogens and the pre-eclampsia exists.

ACS Style

Jocelyne Gare; Aida Kanoute; Nicolas Meda; Stephane Viennot; Denis Bourgeois; Florence Carrouel. Periodontal Conditions and Pathogens Associated with Pre-Eclampsia: A Scoping Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 7194 .

AMA Style

Jocelyne Gare, Aida Kanoute, Nicolas Meda, Stephane Viennot, Denis Bourgeois, Florence Carrouel. Periodontal Conditions and Pathogens Associated with Pre-Eclampsia: A Scoping Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (13):7194.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jocelyne Gare; Aida Kanoute; Nicolas Meda; Stephane Viennot; Denis Bourgeois; Florence Carrouel. 2021. "Periodontal Conditions and Pathogens Associated with Pre-Eclampsia: A Scoping Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13: 7194.

Journal article
Published: 24 May 2021 in Clinical Microbiology and Infection
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Objectives To determine if commercially available mouthwash with ß-cyclodextrin and citrox (bioflavonoids) (CDCM) could decrease the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) salivary viral load. Methods In this RCT, SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive patients aged 18-85 years with asymptomatic to mild COVID-19 symptoms <8 days were recruited. A total of 176 eligible patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to CDCM or placebo. Three rinses daily were performed for 7 days. Saliva sampling was performed on day 1 at 9 a.m. (T1), 1 p.m. (T2) and 6 p.m. (T3). On the following 6 days, one sample was taken at 3 p.m. Quantitative RT-PCR was used to detect SARS-CoV-2. Results The intention-to-treat analysis demonstrated that, over the course of one day, CDCM was significantly more effective than placebo 4 hours after the first dose (p=0.036), with a median percentage (log10 copies/mL) decrease T1-T2 of -12.58% [-29.55% - -0.16%]. The second dose maintained the low median value for the CDCM (3.08 log10 copies/mL [0 - 4.19]), compared to placebo (3.31 [1.18 - 4.75]). At day 7, there was still a greater median percentage (log10 copies/mL) decrease in salivary viral load over time in the CDCM group (-58.62% [-100% - -34.36%]) compared to placebo group (-50.62% [-100% - -27.66%]). These results were confirmed by the per-protocol analysis. Conclusions This trial supports the relevance of using CDCM on day 1 (4 hours after the initial dose) to reduce the SARS-CoV-2 viral load in saliva. For long term effect (7 days), CDMC appears to provide a modest benefit compared to placebo in reducing viral load in saliva.

ACS Style

Florence Carrouel; Martine Valette; Emilie Gadea; Aurélie Esparcieux; Gabriela Illes; Marie Elodie Langlois; Hervé Perrier; Claude Dussart; Paul Tramini; Mélina Ribaud; Maude Bouscambert-Duchamp; Denis Bourgeois. Use of an antiviral mouthwash as a barrier measure in the SARS-CoV-2 transmission in adults with asymptomatic to mild COVID-19: a multicentre, randomized, double-blind controlled trial. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Florence Carrouel, Martine Valette, Emilie Gadea, Aurélie Esparcieux, Gabriela Illes, Marie Elodie Langlois, Hervé Perrier, Claude Dussart, Paul Tramini, Mélina Ribaud, Maude Bouscambert-Duchamp, Denis Bourgeois. Use of an antiviral mouthwash as a barrier measure in the SARS-CoV-2 transmission in adults with asymptomatic to mild COVID-19: a multicentre, randomized, double-blind controlled trial. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Florence Carrouel; Martine Valette; Emilie Gadea; Aurélie Esparcieux; Gabriela Illes; Marie Elodie Langlois; Hervé Perrier; Claude Dussart; Paul Tramini; Mélina Ribaud; Maude Bouscambert-Duchamp; Denis Bourgeois. 2021. "Use of an antiviral mouthwash as a barrier measure in the SARS-CoV-2 transmission in adults with asymptomatic to mild COVID-19: a multicentre, randomized, double-blind controlled trial." Clinical Microbiology and Infection , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 17 May 2021 in JMIR mHealth and uHealth
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ACS Style

Ina Saliasi; Prescilla Martinon; Emily Darlington; Colette Smentek; Delphine Tardivo; Denis Bourgeois; Claude Dussart; Florence Carrouel; Laurie Fraticelli. Promoting Health via Mobile Health Applications: Adaptation and Validation of a French Version of the Mobile App Rating Scale (Preprint). JMIR mHealth and uHealth 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Ina Saliasi, Prescilla Martinon, Emily Darlington, Colette Smentek, Delphine Tardivo, Denis Bourgeois, Claude Dussart, Florence Carrouel, Laurie Fraticelli. Promoting Health via Mobile Health Applications: Adaptation and Validation of a French Version of the Mobile App Rating Scale (Preprint). JMIR mHealth and uHealth. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ina Saliasi; Prescilla Martinon; Emily Darlington; Colette Smentek; Delphine Tardivo; Denis Bourgeois; Claude Dussart; Florence Carrouel; Laurie Fraticelli. 2021. "Promoting Health via Mobile Health Applications: Adaptation and Validation of a French Version of the Mobile App Rating Scale (Preprint)." JMIR mHealth and uHealth , no. : 1.

Brief report
Published: 12 May 2021 in Viruses
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The aim of this study was to determine whether self-collected pure saliva (SCPS) is comparable to nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs in the quantitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR in asymptomatic, mild patients with confirmed COVID-19. Thirty-one patients aged from 18 to 85 years were included between 9 June and 11 December 2020. A SCPS sample and a NP sample were taken for each patient. Quantitative PCR was performed to detect SARS-CoV-2 viral load. Results of SCPS vs. NP samples testing were compared. Statistical analyses were performed. Viral load was significantly correlated (r = 0.72). The concordance probability was estimated at 73.3%. In symptomatic adults, SCPS performance was similar to that of NP swabs (Percent Agreement = 74.1%; p = 0.11). Thus, the salivary test based on pure oral saliva samples easily obtained by noninvasive techniques has a fair agreement with the nasopharyngeal one in asymptomatic, mild patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19.

ACS Style

Florence Carrouel; Martine Valette; Hervé Perrier; Maude Bouscambert-Duchamp; Claude Dussart; Paul Tramini; Denis Bourgeois. Performance of Self-Collected Saliva Testing Compared with Nasopharyngeal Swab Testing for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2021, 13, 895 .

AMA Style

Florence Carrouel, Martine Valette, Hervé Perrier, Maude Bouscambert-Duchamp, Claude Dussart, Paul Tramini, Denis Bourgeois. Performance of Self-Collected Saliva Testing Compared with Nasopharyngeal Swab Testing for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2. Viruses. 2021; 13 (5):895.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Florence Carrouel; Martine Valette; Hervé Perrier; Maude Bouscambert-Duchamp; Claude Dussart; Paul Tramini; Denis Bourgeois. 2021. "Performance of Self-Collected Saliva Testing Compared with Nasopharyngeal Swab Testing for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2." Viruses 13, no. 5: 895.

Journal article
Published: 18 March 2021 in Journal of Clinical Medicine
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Periodontitis, initiated by the subgingival biofilm and modified by the individual’s inflammatory/immune response, has been associated with vascular dysfunction. To analyze microcirculation indices in periodontal tissues and determine the activity of the enzymatic component of antioxidant defense and humoral immunity factors, a single-blind non-invasive clinical trial was realized. Forty subjects, aged from 30 to 65 years, with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis (chronic generalized periodontitis, CGP) vs. 40 subjects as periodontally healthy were recruited. Information such as capillary diameter, capillary blood flow velocity, concentration of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in serum, vascular endothelial growth factor, and enzymatic component of antioxidant protection were taken. The revealed microcirculatory dysfunctions in patients with CGP clearly demonstrate the progressive disorder of periodontal tissue perfusion and oxygenation, the presence of increased vascular permeability and functional failure of the microvascular system in the lesion. Cytokine profile of CGP patients’ blood serum demonstrated a significant increase of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), IL-4 levels as well as statistically significant decrease of IL-1ra, IL-10 concentration. Participants with CGP demonstrated a dominant superiority of IgM and IgG levels. In conclusion, these results contribute to a better understanding of potential correlation between microvascular changes and local and systemic markers of inflammation.

ACS Style

Artem Eldzharov; Dzerassa Kabaloeva; Dmitry Nemeryuk; Aida Goncharenko; Adelina Gatsalova; Elena Ivanova; Igor Kostritskiy; Florence Carrouel; Denis Bourgeois. Evaluation of Microcirculation, Cytokine Profile, and Local Antioxidant Protection Indices in Periodontal Health, and Stage II, Stage III Periodontitis. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2021, 10, 1262 .

AMA Style

Artem Eldzharov, Dzerassa Kabaloeva, Dmitry Nemeryuk, Aida Goncharenko, Adelina Gatsalova, Elena Ivanova, Igor Kostritskiy, Florence Carrouel, Denis Bourgeois. Evaluation of Microcirculation, Cytokine Profile, and Local Antioxidant Protection Indices in Periodontal Health, and Stage II, Stage III Periodontitis. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 10 (6):1262.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Artem Eldzharov; Dzerassa Kabaloeva; Dmitry Nemeryuk; Aida Goncharenko; Adelina Gatsalova; Elena Ivanova; Igor Kostritskiy; Florence Carrouel; Denis Bourgeois. 2021. "Evaluation of Microcirculation, Cytokine Profile, and Local Antioxidant Protection Indices in Periodontal Health, and Stage II, Stage III Periodontitis." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 6: 1262.

Preprint content
Published: 10 March 2021
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Background The research hypothesis is that commercially available mouthwash with ß-cyclodextrin and citrox (bioflavonoids) could decrease the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) salivary viral load in adults with asymptomatic to mild COVID-19. Methods In this RCT, SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive patients aged 18-85 years with asymptomatic to mild COVID-19 symptoms Findings CDCM was significantly more effective than placebo 4 hours after the first intake (p 2·95 log10 copies/mL, there was a significant difference in the reduction in viral load at T2. Over the course of one day, the first mouthwash rinse significantly reduced the viral load, and the second dose maintained this low value, compared to placebo. At day 7, there was still a greater decrease in salivary viral load over time in the CDCM group. In individuals with an initial viral SARS-CoV-2 load higher than 4·12 log10 copies/mL or 5·16 log10 copies/mL, CDCM reduced the salivary viral load more quickly than placebo (MLM p-value = 0·03; 0·029). Interpretation This trial supports the relevance of using mouthwash with ß-cyclodextrin and citrox as an additional barrier measure on day 1 to reduce the dissemination of SARS-CoV-2. Over 7 days, the use of this mouthwash showed a benefit of viral load reduction for patients with the highest initial loads.

ACS Style

Carrouel; Valette; Gadea; Esparcieux; Illes; Langlois; Perrier; Dussart; Tramini; Ribaud; Bouscambert- Duchamp; Bourgeois. Use of an antiviral mouthwash as an additional barrier measure in the SARS-CoV-2 transmission in adults with asymptomatic to mild COVID-19: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind controlled trial. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Carrouel, Valette, Gadea, Esparcieux, Illes, Langlois, Perrier, Dussart, Tramini, Ribaud, Bouscambert- Duchamp, Bourgeois. Use of an antiviral mouthwash as an additional barrier measure in the SARS-CoV-2 transmission in adults with asymptomatic to mild COVID-19: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind controlled trial. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carrouel; Valette; Gadea; Esparcieux; Illes; Langlois; Perrier; Dussart; Tramini; Ribaud; Bouscambert- Duchamp; Bourgeois. 2021. "Use of an antiviral mouthwash as an additional barrier measure in the SARS-CoV-2 transmission in adults with asymptomatic to mild COVID-19: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind controlled trial." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 07 January 2021 in Journal of Clinical Medicine
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Nutrition is recognized as an essential component in the prevention of a number of chronic diseases, including periodontal disease. Based on these considerations, a better understanding is required regarding how the diet, and more particularly the intake of macronutrients and micronutrients, could impact the potential relationship between nutrition and periodontal diseases, periodontal diseases and chronic diseases, nutrition and chronic diseases. To overcome this complexity, an up-to-date literature review on the nutriments related to periodontal and chronic diseases was performed. High-sugar, high-saturated fat, low-polyols, low-fiber and low-polyunsaturated-fat intake causes an increased risk of periodontal diseases. This pattern of nutrients is classically found in the Western diet, which is considered as an ‘unhealthy’ diet that causes cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and cancers. Conversely, low-sugar, high-fiber and high-omega-6-to-omega-3 fatty acid ratio intake reduces the risk of periodontal diseases. The Mediterranean, DASH, vegetarian and Okinawa diets that correspond to these nutritional intakes are considered as ‘healthy’ diets, reducing this risk of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and cancers. The role of micronutrients, such as vitamin D, E, K and magnesium, remains unclear, while others, such as vitamin A, B, C, calcium, zinc and polyphenols have been shown to prevent PDs. Some evidence suggests that probiotics and prebiotics could promote periodontal health. Periodontal and chronic diseases share, with a time delay, nutrition as a risk factor. Thus, any change in periodontal health should be considered as a warning signal to control the dietary quality of patients and thus reduce the risk of developing chronic diseases later on.

ACS Style

Prescilla Martinon; Laurie Fraticelli; Agnes Giboreau; Claude Dussart; Denis Bourgeois; Florence Carrouel. Nutrition as a Key Modifiable Factor for Periodontitis and Main Chronic Diseases. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2021, 10, 197 .

AMA Style

Prescilla Martinon, Laurie Fraticelli, Agnes Giboreau, Claude Dussart, Denis Bourgeois, Florence Carrouel. Nutrition as a Key Modifiable Factor for Periodontitis and Main Chronic Diseases. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 10 (2):197.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Prescilla Martinon; Laurie Fraticelli; Agnes Giboreau; Claude Dussart; Denis Bourgeois; Florence Carrouel. 2021. "Nutrition as a Key Modifiable Factor for Periodontitis and Main Chronic Diseases." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 2: 197.

Journal article
Published: 09 November 2020 in Journal of Clinical Medicine
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To compare the expression of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANK), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) in primary chronic apical periodontitis lesions (CAPLs) between people living with HIV (PLWHIV) undergoing antiretroviral therapy (ART) and HIV- individuals, 32 CAPLs (16 lesions from each group) were submitted to histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses and compared between groups. The majority of the PLWHIV group had undetectable plasma viral loads (n = 13; 81.3%). The means of TCD4+ lymphocytes, exposure to HIV-1 and the time of the use of ART were 542.1 cells/mm3 (SD = 256.4), 6.3 years (SD = 2.9) and 5.0 years (SD = 2.5), respectively. Of all variables studied, only histopathological diagnosis showed a significant difference between groups (LWHIV: granuloma n = 11 (68.0%); cyst n = 5 (31.2%); HIV-: granuloma n = 15 (93.8%); cyst n = 1 (6.2%); p = 0.015). When comparing the expressions of the three inflammatory markers between the groups, no significant differences were seen. There was no difference in the expression of RANK, PTHrP and MMP-9 in primary chronic apical periodontitis lesions between PLWHIV under ART and HIV- individuals.

ACS Style

Marcio Francisco Pereira; Fábio Ramôa Pires; Luciana Armada; Dennis De Carvalho Ferreira; Florence Carrouel; Denis Bourgeois; Lúcio Souza Gonçalves. Expression of Inflammatory Markers RANK, MMP-9 and PTHrP in Chronic Apical Periodontitis from People Living with HIV Undergoing Antiretroviral Therapy. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2020, 9, 3611 .

AMA Style

Marcio Francisco Pereira, Fábio Ramôa Pires, Luciana Armada, Dennis De Carvalho Ferreira, Florence Carrouel, Denis Bourgeois, Lúcio Souza Gonçalves. Expression of Inflammatory Markers RANK, MMP-9 and PTHrP in Chronic Apical Periodontitis from People Living with HIV Undergoing Antiretroviral Therapy. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9 (11):3611.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marcio Francisco Pereira; Fábio Ramôa Pires; Luciana Armada; Dennis De Carvalho Ferreira; Florence Carrouel; Denis Bourgeois; Lúcio Souza Gonçalves. 2020. "Expression of Inflammatory Markers RANK, MMP-9 and PTHrP in Chronic Apical Periodontitis from People Living with HIV Undergoing Antiretroviral Therapy." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 11: 3611.

Letter
Published: 02 November 2020 in Trials
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Objectives - To describe the evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 salivary viral load of patients infected with Covid-19, performing 7 days of tri-daily mouthwashes with and without antivirals. - To compare the evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 nasal and salivary viral load according to the presence or absence of antivirals in the mouthwash. Trial design This is a multi-center, randomised controlled trial (RCT) with two parallel arms (1:1 ratio). Participants Inclusion criteria - Age: 18-85 years old - Clinical diagnosis of Covid-19 infection - Clinical signs have been present for less than 8 days - Virological confirmation - Understanding and acceptance of the trial - Written agreement to participate in the trial Exclusion criteria - Pregnancy, breastfeeding, inability to comply with protocol, lack of written agreement - Patients using mouthwash on a regular basis (more than once a week) - Patient at risk of infectious endocarditis - Patients unable to answer questions - Uncooperative patient The clinical trial is being conducted with the collaboration of three French hospital centers: Hospital Center Emile Roux (Le Puy en Velay, France), Clinic of the Protestant Infirmary (Lyon, France) and Intercommunal Hospital Center (Mont de Marsan, France). Intervention and comparator Eligible participants will be allocated to one of the two study groups. Intervention group: patients perform a tri-daily mouthwash with mouthwash containing antivirals (β-cyclodextrin and Citrox®) for a period of 7 days. Control group: patients perform a tri-daily mouthwash with a placebo mouthwash for a period of 7 days. Main outcomes Primary Outcome Measures: Change from Baseline amount of SARS-CoV-2 in salivary samples at 4 and 9 hours, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 days. Real-time PCR assays are performed to assess salivary SARS-CoV 2 viral load. Secondary Outcome Measures: Change from Baseline amount of SARS-CoV-2 virus in nasal samples at 6 days. Real-time PCR assays are performed to assess nasal SARS-CoV-2 viral load. Randomisation Participants meeting all eligibility requirements are allocated to one of the two study arms (mouthwash with β-cyclodextrin and Citrox® or mouthwash without β-cyclodextrin and Citrox®) in a 1:1 ratio using simple randomisation with computer generated random numbers. Blinding (masking) Participants, doctors and nurses caring for participants, laboratory technicians and investigators assessing the outcomes will be blinded to group assignment. Numbers to be randomised (sample size) Both the intervention and control groups will be composed of 103 participants, so the study will include a total of 206 participants. Trial Status The current protocol version is 6, August 4th, 2020. Recruitment began on April 6, 2020 and is anticipated to be complete by April 5, 2021. As of October 2, 2020, forty-two participants have been included. Trial registration This trial was registered on 20 April 2020 at www.clinicaltrials.gov with the number NCT04352959. Full protocol The full protocol is attached as an additional file, accessible from the Trials website (Additional file 1). In the interest in expediting dissemination of this material, the familiar formatting has been eliminated; this Letter serves as a summary of the key elements of the full protocol.” The study protocol has been reported in accordance with the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Clinical Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) guidelines (Additional file 2).”

ACS Style

Florence Carrouel; Stéphane Viennot; Martine Valette; Jean-Marie Cohen; Claude Dussart; Denis Bourgeois. Salivary and Nasal Detection of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus After Antiviral Mouthrinses (BBCovid): A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2020, 21, 1 -3.

AMA Style

Florence Carrouel, Stéphane Viennot, Martine Valette, Jean-Marie Cohen, Claude Dussart, Denis Bourgeois. Salivary and Nasal Detection of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus After Antiviral Mouthrinses (BBCovid): A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2020; 21 (1):1-3.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Florence Carrouel; Stéphane Viennot; Martine Valette; Jean-Marie Cohen; Claude Dussart; Denis Bourgeois. 2020. "Salivary and Nasal Detection of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus After Antiviral Mouthrinses (BBCovid): A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial." Trials 21, no. 1: 1-3.

Review article
Published: 22 October 2020 in Journal of Dental Research
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The oral cavity, an essential part of the upper aerodigestive tract, is believed to play an important role in the pathogenicity and transmission of SARS-CoV-2. The identification of targeted antiviral mouth rinses to reduce salivary viral load would contribute to reducing the COVID-19 pandemic. While awaiting the results of significant clinical studies, which to date do not exist, the commercial availability of mouth rinses leads us to search among them for reagents that would have specific antiviral properties with respect to SARS-CoV-2. The challenges facing this target were examined for 7 reagents found in commercially available mouth rinses and listed on the ClinicalTrials.gov website: povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide, cyclodextrin, Citrox, cetylpyridinium chloride, and essential oils. Because SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped virus, many reagents target the outer lipid membrane. Moreover, some of them can act on the capsid by denaturing proteins. Until now, there has been no scientific evidence to recommend mouth rinses with an anti–SARS-CoV-2 effect to control the viral load in the oral cavity. This critical review indicates that current knowledge of these reagents would likely improve trends in salivary viral load status. This finding is a strong sign to encourage clinical research for which quality protocols are already available in the literature.

ACS Style

F. Carrouel; L.S. Gonçalves; M.P. Conte; G. Campus; J. Fisher; L. Fraticelli; E. Gadea-Deschamps; L. Ottolenghi; D. Bourgeois. Antiviral Activity of Reagents in Mouth Rinses against SARS-CoV-2. Journal of Dental Research 2020, 100, 124 -132.

AMA Style

F. Carrouel, L.S. Gonçalves, M.P. Conte, G. Campus, J. Fisher, L. Fraticelli, E. Gadea-Deschamps, L. Ottolenghi, D. Bourgeois. Antiviral Activity of Reagents in Mouth Rinses against SARS-CoV-2. Journal of Dental Research. 2020; 100 (2):124-132.

Chicago/Turabian Style

F. Carrouel; L.S. Gonçalves; M.P. Conte; G. Campus; J. Fisher; L. Fraticelli; E. Gadea-Deschamps; L. Ottolenghi; D. Bourgeois. 2020. "Antiviral Activity of Reagents in Mouth Rinses against SARS-CoV-2." Journal of Dental Research 100, no. 2: 124-132.

Editorial
Published: 15 April 2020 in Journal of Clinical Medicine
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Considered to be a major portal of entry for infectious agents, the oral cavity is directly associated with the evolutionary process of SARS-CoV-2 in its inhalation of ambient particles in the air and in expectorations. Some new generations of mouth rinses currently on the market have ingredients that could contribute to lower the SARS-CoV-2 viral load, and thus facilitate the fight against oral transmission. If chlorhexidine, a usual component of mouth rinse, is not efficient to kill SARS-CoV-2, the use of a mouth rinses and/or with local nasal applications that contain β-cyclodextrins combined with flavonoids agents, such as Citrox, could provide valuable adjunctive treatment to reduce the viral load of saliva and nasopharyngeal microbiota, including potential SARS-CoV-2 carriage. We urge national agencies and authorities to start clinical trials to evaluate the preventive effects of βCD-Citrox therapeutic oral biofilm rinses in reducing the viral load of the infection and possibly disease progression.

ACS Style

Florence Carrouel; Maria Pia Conte; Julian Fisher; Lucio Souza Gonçalves; Claude Dussart; Juan Carlos Llodra; Denis Bourgeois. COVID-19: A Recommendation to Examine the Effect of Mouthrinses with β-Cyclodextrin Combined with Citrox in Preventing Infection and Progression. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2020, 9, 1126 .

AMA Style

Florence Carrouel, Maria Pia Conte, Julian Fisher, Lucio Souza Gonçalves, Claude Dussart, Juan Carlos Llodra, Denis Bourgeois. COVID-19: A Recommendation to Examine the Effect of Mouthrinses with β-Cyclodextrin Combined with Citrox in Preventing Infection and Progression. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9 (4):1126.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Florence Carrouel; Maria Pia Conte; Julian Fisher; Lucio Souza Gonçalves; Claude Dussart; Juan Carlos Llodra; Denis Bourgeois. 2020. "COVID-19: A Recommendation to Examine the Effect of Mouthrinses with β-Cyclodextrin Combined with Citrox in Preventing Infection and Progression." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 4: 1126.

Review
Published: 13 January 2020 in Nanomaterials
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Many investigations have pointed out widespread use of medical nanosystems in various domains of dentistry such as prevention, prognosis, care, tissue regeneration, and restoration. The progress of oral medicine nanosystems for individual prophylaxis is significant for ensuring bacterial symbiosis and high-quality oral health. Nanomaterials in oral cosmetics are used in toothpaste and other mouthwash to improve oral healthcare performance. These processes cover nanoparticles and nanoparticle-based materials, especially domains of application related to biofilm management in cariology and periodontology. Likewise, nanoparticles have been integrated in diverse cosmetic produces for the care of enamel remineralization and dental hypersensitivity. This review summarizes the indications and applications of several widely employed nanoparticles in oral cosmetics, and describes the potential clinical implementation of nanoparticles as anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and remineralizing agents in the prevention of dental caries, hypersensitivity, and periodontitis.

ACS Style

Florence Carrouel; Stephane Viennot; Livia Ottolenghi; Cedric Gaillard; Denis Bourgeois. Nanoparticles as Anti-Microbial, Anti-Inflammatory, and Remineralizing Agents in Oral Care Cosmetics: A Review of the Current Situation. Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 140 .

AMA Style

Florence Carrouel, Stephane Viennot, Livia Ottolenghi, Cedric Gaillard, Denis Bourgeois. Nanoparticles as Anti-Microbial, Anti-Inflammatory, and Remineralizing Agents in Oral Care Cosmetics: A Review of the Current Situation. Nanomaterials. 2020; 10 (1):140.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Florence Carrouel; Stephane Viennot; Livia Ottolenghi; Cedric Gaillard; Denis Bourgeois. 2020. "Nanoparticles as Anti-Microbial, Anti-Inflammatory, and Remineralizing Agents in Oral Care Cosmetics: A Review of the Current Situation." Nanomaterials 10, no. 1: 140.

Journal article
Published: 22 October 2019 in Scientific Reports
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Periodontal disease is clearly correlated with systemic disease. The presence of periodontal pathogens in interdental spaces in young, healthy adults is a strong indicator of the need to introduce daily interdental prophylaxis. Twenty-five subjects (aged 18–35 years), diagnosticated clinically as periodontally healthy, were enrolled in this study. One hundred interdental sites were included. Among these sites, 50 “test” sites were cleaned daily with calibrated interdental brushes (IDBs), whereas the other 50 sites were not cleaned and considered “controls”. The interdental biofilm at these interdental sites was collected at the beginning of the study (basal) and at 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, and 3 months. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methodology was used to quantify (i) 19 periodontal bacteria, including Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia, and (ii) total bacteria. In the test sites, the quantity of total bacteria decreased over time with the use of IDBs. The bacteria from the red and orange Socransky complexes, which are associated with periodontal disease, significantly decreased in the test sites but not in the control sites. Bacteria from the yellow, and purple Socransky complexes, which are associated with periodontal health, increased significantly in both groups whereas bacteria from the blue Socransky complex increased significantly only in the test sites. Furthermore, at basal, 66% of test sites and 68% of control sites bled during interdental brushing. These percentages decreased by 85% in 3 months for the test sites and by 27% in the control sites. In conclusion, the daily use of calibrated IDBs can reduce periodontal pathogens, reestablish symbiotic microbiota and, decrease interdental inflammation in interdental sites of healthy young adults.

ACS Style

Denis Bourgeois; Manuel Bravo; Juan-Carlos Llodra; Camille Inquimbert; Stéphane Viennot; Claude Dussart; Florence Carrouel. Calibrated interdental brushing for the prevention of periodontal pathogens infection in young adults - a randomized controlled clinical trial. Scientific Reports 2019, 9, 1 -13.

AMA Style

Denis Bourgeois, Manuel Bravo, Juan-Carlos Llodra, Camille Inquimbert, Stéphane Viennot, Claude Dussart, Florence Carrouel. Calibrated interdental brushing for the prevention of periodontal pathogens infection in young adults - a randomized controlled clinical trial. Scientific Reports. 2019; 9 (1):1-13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Denis Bourgeois; Manuel Bravo; Juan-Carlos Llodra; Camille Inquimbert; Stéphane Viennot; Claude Dussart; Florence Carrouel. 2019. "Calibrated interdental brushing for the prevention of periodontal pathogens infection in young adults - a randomized controlled clinical trial." Scientific Reports 9, no. 1: 1-13.

Journal article
Published: 18 October 2019 in Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications
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Dental caries is a major oral disease resulting from a complex interaction between the commensal microbiota, host susceptibility (heredity, immunity, diseases, etc.) and environmental factors (diet, dental hygiene, etc.). To predict the patient's risk of new carious lesions or progression of existing lesions, the Caries Risk Assessment (CRA) takes account of clinical, biological and behavioural factors. Thus, the CRA can predict whether the patient is at high or low risk of developing caries. The practitioner can thus set up a follow-up adapted to the risk of the patient. However, although bacteria are the main etiological factor of carious lesions, the CRA does not consider bacterial quantification or just focus on the level of S. mutans in the saliva. As the majority of cavities are interproximal in adolescence, the aim of this trial is to identify and quantify the interdental microbiota of adolescents aged from 15 to 17 years with low or high carious risk. So, the quantification of new biomarkers associated with carious lesion could be added to the CRA to improve it.

ACS Style

Camille Inquimbert; Denis Bourgeois; Nicolas Giraudeau; Paul Tramini; Stéphane Viennot; Claude Dussart; Florence Carrouel. Microbiota of interdental space of adolescents according to Risk of Caries: A cross-sectional study protocol. Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications 2019, 16, 100444 .

AMA Style

Camille Inquimbert, Denis Bourgeois, Nicolas Giraudeau, Paul Tramini, Stéphane Viennot, Claude Dussart, Florence Carrouel. Microbiota of interdental space of adolescents according to Risk of Caries: A cross-sectional study protocol. Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications. 2019; 16 ():100444.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Camille Inquimbert; Denis Bourgeois; Nicolas Giraudeau; Paul Tramini; Stéphane Viennot; Claude Dussart; Florence Carrouel. 2019. "Microbiota of interdental space of adolescents according to Risk of Caries: A cross-sectional study protocol." Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications 16, no. : 100444.

Journal article
Published: 13 October 2019 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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This study aims to evaluate the potential role of pillboxes used for the preparation and delivery of individual daily medical treatments in the drug circuit of the Military Instruction Hospital (France) as reservoirs of bacterial contaminants. Samples were obtained from 32 pillboxes after decontamination (T1), after preparation in the pharmacy (T2), after use in two different medical units (T3), and again after usual mechanical washing (T4). Qualitative (identification and antibiotic susceptibility) and quantitative (contamination rate and number of colony forming units—CFUs) bacteriological tests were performed. Susceptible and resistant strains of environmental saprophytes were identified. The pillbox contamination rate was relatively low at T1 (13%). It was significantly increased at T2 (63%, p = 0.001 vs. T1), again at T3 (88%, p < 0.05 vs. T2, p < 0.001 vs. T1), and finally decreased dramatically at T4 (31%, p < 0.001 vs. T3, p > 0.05 vs. T1). The number of CFUs was significantly increased at T2 compared with that of T1 (36.7 ± 13.4 and 5.36 ± 3.64, respectively, p < 0.001) and again at T3 (84.4 ± 19.4, p < 0.001 vs. T1 and T2) and was significantly reduced at T4 (7.0 ± 2.0 vs. T3, p < 0.001) to a level that was not significantly different from that at T1. So, the use of pillboxes to deliver individual medications to patients in the hospital is a potential risk factor for bacterial cross-contamination.

ACS Style

Dussart Claude; Boulliat Caroline; Camal Isabelle; Bourgeois Denis; Carrouel Florence; Claude Dussart; Caroline Boulliat; Isabelle Camal; Denis Bourgeois; Florence Carrouel. Safety Evaluation of Individual Pillboxes to Control Cross-Contamination in the Drug Circuit in Hospitals. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 3878 .

AMA Style

Dussart Claude, Boulliat Caroline, Camal Isabelle, Bourgeois Denis, Carrouel Florence, Claude Dussart, Caroline Boulliat, Isabelle Camal, Denis Bourgeois, Florence Carrouel. Safety Evaluation of Individual Pillboxes to Control Cross-Contamination in the Drug Circuit in Hospitals. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (20):3878.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dussart Claude; Boulliat Caroline; Camal Isabelle; Bourgeois Denis; Carrouel Florence; Claude Dussart; Caroline Boulliat; Isabelle Camal; Denis Bourgeois; Florence Carrouel. 2019. "Safety Evaluation of Individual Pillboxes to Control Cross-Contamination in the Drug Circuit in Hospitals." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 20: 3878.

Review
Published: 09 October 2019 in Microorganisms
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Cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer are the most common noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). These NCDs share risk factors with periodontal disease (PD), a preventable risk factor linked to lifestyle. The discussion regarding the association between these chronic diseases is more complex. There is still a significant knowledge gap particularly of the causal relationship between PD and NCDs. In this paper, we present fundamental knowledge of the mechanisms and roles of putative periodontal bacteria to gather several hypotheses, evidence that clinical studies thus far have not produced. Although the causal hypotheses are not yet clearly established on a biological basis, prevention and prophylactic measures are recommended to prevent even the possibility of such potential risk factors.

ACS Style

Denis Bourgeois; Camille Inquimbert; Livia Ottolenghi; Florence Carrouel. Periodontal Pathogens as Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Cancer, and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease—Is There Cause for Consideration? Microorganisms 2019, 7, 424 .

AMA Style

Denis Bourgeois, Camille Inquimbert, Livia Ottolenghi, Florence Carrouel. Periodontal Pathogens as Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Cancer, and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease—Is There Cause for Consideration? Microorganisms. 2019; 7 (10):424.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Denis Bourgeois; Camille Inquimbert; Livia Ottolenghi; Florence Carrouel. 2019. "Periodontal Pathogens as Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Cancer, and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease—Is There Cause for Consideration?" Microorganisms 7, no. 10: 424.

Journal article
Published: 05 September 2019 in Microorganisms
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Adolescence is closely associated with a high risk of caries. The identification of specific bacteria in an oral microniche, the interdental space of the molars, according to carious risk can facilitate the prediction of future caries and the anticipation of the progression or stabilization of caries in adolescents. A cross-sectional clinical study according to the bacteriological criteria of interdental healthy adolescents and carious risk factors—low and high—using a real-time polymerase chain reaction technique was conducted. The presence of 26 oral pathogens from the interdental microbiota of 50 adolescents aged 15 to 17 years were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. Bacteria known to be cariogenic (Bifidobacterium dentium, Lactobacillus spp., Rothia dentocariosa, Streptococcus cristatus, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sobrinus, and Streptococcus wiggsiae) did not present differences in abundance according to carious risk. Periodontal bacteria from the red complex are positively correlated with carious risk. However, only 3 bacteria—S. sobrinus, E corrodens and T. forsythia—presented a significant increase in the highest group. Estimating the risk of caries associated with bacterial factors in interdental sites of molars in adolescents contributes to the better definition of carious risk status, periodicity and intensity of diagnostic, prevention and restorative services.

ACS Style

Camille Inquimbert; Denis Bourgeois; Manuel Bravo; Stéphane Viennot; Paul Tramini; Juan Carlos Llodra; Nicolas Molinari; Claude Dussart; Nicolas Giraudeau; Florence Carrouel. The Oral Bacterial Microbiome of Interdental Surfaces in Adolescents According to Carious Risk. Microorganisms 2019, 7, 319 .

AMA Style

Camille Inquimbert, Denis Bourgeois, Manuel Bravo, Stéphane Viennot, Paul Tramini, Juan Carlos Llodra, Nicolas Molinari, Claude Dussart, Nicolas Giraudeau, Florence Carrouel. The Oral Bacterial Microbiome of Interdental Surfaces in Adolescents According to Carious Risk. Microorganisms. 2019; 7 (9):319.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Camille Inquimbert; Denis Bourgeois; Manuel Bravo; Stéphane Viennot; Paul Tramini; Juan Carlos Llodra; Nicolas Molinari; Claude Dussart; Nicolas Giraudeau; Florence Carrouel. 2019. "The Oral Bacterial Microbiome of Interdental Surfaces in Adolescents According to Carious Risk." Microorganisms 7, no. 9: 319.

Comparative study
Published: 27 November 2018 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Clinical research on herbal-based dentifrice +/− mouth rinse products is very limited compared with the plethora of research on conventional oral care products under normal oral hygiene conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the anti-inflammatory effects of a novel plant Carica papaya leaf extract (CPLE) on interdental bleeding in healthy subjects. In this randomized, single-blind parallel-design study, the eligible subjects were generally healthy non-smokers, aged 18–26, who exhibited healthy periodontal conditions upon study entry. The participants were equally randomized into the following four groups: CPLE dentifrice, CPLE dentifrice and mouthwash, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)-free enzyme-containing dentifrice and SLS-free enzyme-containing dentifrice with essential oil (EO) mouthwash. Subjects were instructed to brush their teeth twice a day without changing their other brushing habits. Interdental bleeding (BOIP) was measured from inclusion (T0) until the fourth week (T4) of the study. Clinical efficacy was assessed after one, two, three and four weeks of home use. The analyses compared BOIP between groups and were then restricted to participants with ≥70% and then ≥80% bleeding sites at T0. Pairwise comparisons between groups were performed at T0 and T4, and a logistic regression identified correlates of gingival bleeding (T4). Among 100 subjects (2273 interdental sites), the median percentage of bleeding sites per participant at T0 was 65%. The bleeding sites dramatically decreased in all groups between T0 and T4 (relative variations from −54% to −75%, p < 0.01 for all). Gingival bleeding did not significantly differ between the CPLE dentifrice and the SLS-free dentifrice +/− EO mouthwash groups (from p = 0.05 to p = 0.86), regardless of the baseline risk level. Among the CPLE dentifrice users, fewer bleeding sites were observed when toothpaste and mouthwash were combined compared to bleeding sites in those who used toothpaste alone (21% vs. 32%, p = 0.04). CPLE dentifrice/mouthwash provides an efficacious and natural alternative to SLS-free dentifrice +/−EO-containing mouthwash when used as an adjunct to mechanical oral care to reduce interdental gingival inflammation.

ACS Style

Ina Saliasi; Juan Carlos Llodra; Manuel Bravo; Paul Tramini; Claude Dussart; Stéphane Viennot; Florence Carrouel. Effect of a Toothpaste/Mouthwash Containing Carica papaya Leaf Extract on Interdental Gingival Bleeding: A Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018, 15, 2660 .

AMA Style

Ina Saliasi, Juan Carlos Llodra, Manuel Bravo, Paul Tramini, Claude Dussart, Stéphane Viennot, Florence Carrouel. Effect of a Toothpaste/Mouthwash Containing Carica papaya Leaf Extract on Interdental Gingival Bleeding: A Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15 (12):2660.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ina Saliasi; Juan Carlos Llodra; Manuel Bravo; Paul Tramini; Claude Dussart; Stéphane Viennot; Florence Carrouel. 2018. "Effect of a Toothpaste/Mouthwash Containing Carica papaya Leaf Extract on Interdental Gingival Bleeding: A Randomized Controlled Trial." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 12: 2660.

Journal article
Published: 25 April 2018 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Effective sterilization of reusable instruments contaminated by Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease in dental care is a crucial issue for public health. The present cross-sectional study investigated how the recommended procedures for sterilization were implemented by French dental practices in real-world settings. A sample of dental practices was selected in the French Rhône-Alpes region. Data were collected by a self-questionnaire in 2016. Sterilization procedures (n = 33) were classified into 4 groups: (1) Pre-sterilization cleaning of reusable instruments; (2) Biological verification of sterilization cycles—Monitoring steam sterilization procedures; (3) Autoclave performance and practitioner knowledge of autoclave use; (4) Monitoring and documentation of sterilization procedures—Tracking and tracing the instrumentation. Answers were provided per procedure, along with the global implementation of procedures within a group (over 80% correctly performed). Then it was verified how adherence to procedure groups varied with the size of the dental practice and the proportion of dental assistants within the team. Among the 179 questionnaires available for the analyses, adherence to the recommended procedures of sterilization noticeably varied between practices, from 20.7% to 82.6%. The median percentages of procedures correctly implemented per practice were 58.1%, 50.9%, 69.2% and 58.2%, in Groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively (corresponding percentages for performing over 80% of the procedures in the group: 23.4%, 6.6%, 46.6% and 38.6%). Dental practices ≥ 3 dental units performed significantly better (>80%) procedures of Groups 2 and 4 (p = 0.01 and p = 0.002, respectively), while no other significant associations emerged. As a rule, practices complied poorly with the recommended procedures, despite partially improved results in bigger practices. Specific training regarding sterilization procedures and a better understanding of the reasons leading to their non-compliance are needed.

ACS Style

Denis Bourgeois; Claude Dussart; Ina Saliasi; Laurent Laforest; Paul Tramini; Florence Carrouel. Observance of Sterilization Protocol Guideline Procedures of Critical Instruments for Preventing Iatrogenic Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in Dental Practice in France, 2017. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018, 15, 853 .

AMA Style

Denis Bourgeois, Claude Dussart, Ina Saliasi, Laurent Laforest, Paul Tramini, Florence Carrouel. Observance of Sterilization Protocol Guideline Procedures of Critical Instruments for Preventing Iatrogenic Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in Dental Practice in France, 2017. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15 (5):853.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Denis Bourgeois; Claude Dussart; Ina Saliasi; Laurent Laforest; Paul Tramini; Florence Carrouel. 2018. "Observance of Sterilization Protocol Guideline Procedures of Critical Instruments for Preventing Iatrogenic Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in Dental Practice in France, 2017." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 5: 853.

Research article
Published: 10 October 2017 in PLOS ONE
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The majority of caries lesions in adults occur on the proximal tooth surfaces of the posterior teeth. A comprehensive study of the composition of the oral microbiota is fundamental for a better understanding of the etiology of interdental caries. Twenty-five caries-free subjects (20–35 years old) were enrolled in the study. The interdental biofilm of four interdental sites were collected. The real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methodology were used to quantify (i) the following bacteria: Streptococcus spp., Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus spp., Enterococcus spp., and Enterococcus faecalis; (ii) the fungus Candida albicans; and (iii) total bacteria. Streptococcus spp. was the most abundant species, followed by Lactobacillus spp. and Enterococcus spp. Streptococcus spp. and Lactobacillus spp. were detected at all tested sites and Enterococcus spp. at 99% of sites. S. mutans was detected at only 28% of the tested sites and C. albicans was detected at 11% of sites. E. faecalis was never detected. In 54.5% of the biofilm inhabited by C. albicans, S. mutans was present. Moreover, 28% of the ID sites co-expressed S. mutans and Lactobacillus spp. The studied pathogens were organized into two correlated groups of species. Strikingly, the fungus C. albicans and the bacteria Enterococcus spp. cluster together, whereas Streptococcus spp., S. mutans and Lactobacillus spp. form one distinct cluster. The interdental biofilm of young caries-free adults is comprised of pathogens that are able to induce interproximal caries. That several of these pathogens are implicated in heart disease or other systemic diseases is an argument for the disruption of interdental biofilms using daily oral hygiene.

ACS Style

Denis Bourgeois; Alexandra David; Camille Inquimbert; Paul Tramini; Nicolas Molinari; Florence Carrouel. Quantification of carious pathogens in the interdental microbiota of young caries-free adults. PLOS ONE 2017, 12, e0185804 .

AMA Style

Denis Bourgeois, Alexandra David, Camille Inquimbert, Paul Tramini, Nicolas Molinari, Florence Carrouel. Quantification of carious pathogens in the interdental microbiota of young caries-free adults. PLOS ONE. 2017; 12 (10):e0185804.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Denis Bourgeois; Alexandra David; Camille Inquimbert; Paul Tramini; Nicolas Molinari; Florence Carrouel. 2017. "Quantification of carious pathogens in the interdental microbiota of young caries-free adults." PLOS ONE 12, no. 10: e0185804.