In recent years, hyaluronic acid (HA) has attracted increasing attention as a promising biomaterial for the development of drug delivery systems. Due to its unique properties, such as high biocompatibility, low toxicity, and modifiability, HA is becoming a basis for the creation of targeted drug delivery systems, especially in the field of oncology. Receptors for HA overexpressed in subpopulations of cancer cells, and one of them, CD44, is recognized as a molecular marker for cancer stem cells. This review examines the role of HA and its receptors in health and tumors and analyzes existing HA-based delivery systems and their use in various types of cancer. The development of new HA-based drug delivery systems will bring new opportunities and challenges to anti-cancer therapy.

The most effective method of treating allergic diseases, aimed not at relieving symptoms, but at eliminating the cause of the disease, is allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT). To reduce the risk of side effects and improve the delivery of allergens to the mucosa, various delivery systems, such as liposomes, dendrimers, nanoparticles, etc., can be used. To date, there are data on the creation of delivery systems based on glycyrrhizic acid (GA) and its derivatives, but such a delivery system has not been used for allergen-specific therapy until now. It is also known that GA has an anti-inflammatory effect, shifts the balance towards Th1, and increases the number of Treg cells, meaning that it could potentially enhance the anti-allergic effect of AIT and reduce the risk of unwanted side effects. Thus, the study of the immunomodulatory effect of the supramolecular complexes (micelles) of GA with extracts of allergens holds promise for the development of new drugs for AIT.

Cucurbiturils are a family of macrocyclic oligomers capable of forming host–guest complexes with various molecules. Due to noncovalent binding to drug molecules and low toxicity, cucurbiturils has been extensively investigated as potential carriers for drug delivery. However, the immune system’s interactions with different drug carriers, including cucurbiturils, are still under investigation. In this study, we focused on cucurbiturils’ immunosafety and immunomodulation properties in vivo. We measured blood counts and lymphocyte subpopulations in blood, spleen, and bone marrow, and assessed the in vivo toxicity to spleen and bone marrow cells after intraperitoneal administration to BALB/c mice. When assessing the effect of cucurbit[6]uril on blood parameters after three intraperitoneal injections within a week in laboratory animals, a decrease in white blood cells was found in mice after injections of cucurbit[6]util, but the observed decrease in the number of white blood cells was within the normal range. At the same time, cucurbit[7]uril and cucurbit[8]uril did not affect the leukocyte counts of mice after three injections. Changes in the number of platelets, erythrocytes, and monocytes, as well as in several other indicators, such as hematocrit or erythrocyte volumetric dispersion, were not detected. We show that cucurbiturils do not have immunotoxicity in vivo, with the exception of a cytotoxic effect on spleen cells after сucurbit[7]uril administration at a high dosage. We also evaluated the effect of cucurbiturils on cellular and humoral immune responses. We founded that cucurbiturils in high concentrations affect the immune system in vivo, and the action of various cucurbiturils differs in different homologues, which is apparently associated with different interactions in the internal environment of the body.

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a standard method for treating a number of pathologies, primarily blood diseases. Timely restoration of the immune system after HSCT is a critical factor associated with the development of complications such as relapses or secondary tumors and various infections, as well as the graft-versus-host reaction in allogeneic transplantation, which ultimately affects the survival of patients. Introduction into the recipient’s body of immune system cells that are incapable of sensitization by recipient antigens during the period of immune reconstitution can increase the rate of restoration of the immune system, as well as reduce the risk of complications. This review presents the results of studies on cell therapy with various cell subpopulations of both bone marrow and mesenchymal origin during HSCT.

The incidence of malignant blood diseases has been steadily increasing over past decades. Unlike many other types of malignant neoplasms, blood cancers often occur at a young age, being also the main cause of death among all hematopoietic disorders in pediatric patients. Mutation events in hematopoietic stem cells are the cause of blood cancers which subsequently lead to increasimg number of tumor clones and displacement of healthy cells in the niches they occupy thus leading to a number of changes in blood and bone marrow, including irreversible ones. The aim of this study was to assess the subpopulation composition of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells in patients with blood cancers and healthy donors. The study included patients with blood cancers (n = 13), including acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL; n = 3), acute myeloid leukemia (AML; n = 3), and multiple myeloma (MM; n = 7), as well as healthy donors (n = 4). The phenotypic composition of hematopoietic CD34+CD38- pluripotent cells was assessed by flow cytometry using the following monoclonal antibodies: CD34 APC (BioLegend, USA), CD38 PE-Cy7 (ElabScience, China), CD45RA PerCP (ElabScience, China), CD90 APC-Cy7 (Cloud-Clone Corp., USA), Lin- (cocktail CD3/14/16/19/20/56) FITC (BioLegend, USA). The following populations were assessed: hematopoietic stem cells (Lin-CD34+CD38-CD45RA-CD90+) and pluripotent progenitors (Lin-CD34+CD38-CD45RA-CD90-). In patients with hemoblastoses, the relative number of cells with Lin-CD34+CD38-CD45RA-CD90+ phenotype proved to be increased, thus corresponding to hematopoietic stem cells, but not pluripotent progenitor cells. At the same time, the number of pluripotent progenitor cells tended to decrease in acute myeloid leukemia. We have observed some changes in the subpopulation composition of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells in patients with blood cancers, when compared with healthy donors.

. Cucurbiturils are a family of macrocyclic oligomers capable of forming host-guest complexes with various molecules. Due to noncovalent binding to drug molecules and low toxicity, cucurbiturils has been extensively investigated as a potential carrier for drug delivery. However, the immune system interactions with different drug carriers, including cucurbiturils, are still under investigation. In this study, we focused on cucurbiturils immunosafety and immunomodulation properties in vivo. We measured blood counts, lymphocyte subpopulations in blood, spleen, and bone marrow, and assessed in vivo toxicity to spleen and bone marrow cells after intraperitoneal administration to mice. We also evaluated the effect of cucurbiturils on cellular and humoral immune responses. Cucurbiturils in high concentrations effect on the immune system in vivo. The action of various cucurbiturils differs in different homologues, which, apparently, is associated with different interactions in the internal environment of the body.