Addressing the dual challenges of agricultural productivity and ecological sustainability, this study develops an integrated framework combining Lotka–Volterra dynamics, Monte Carlo simulation, and multi-objective optimisation to quantify agroecosystem responses under anthropogenic interventions. Key innovations include the incorporation of carbon sequestration dynamics and low-carbon agricultural practices into ecological–economic trade-off analysis. Our findings demonstrate the following: (1) Seasonal carbon fertilisation effects enhance producer growth by up to 30%, while energy recycling from consumer mortality offsets 22% of pesticide-induced carbon emissions. (2) The strategic introduction of dual-function species synergistically improves carbon sink capacity by 18–25% through enhanced producer efficiency and reduced chemical reliance. (3) Multi-objective optimisation reveals that integrated pest management coupled with organic amendments achieves a 51.2% net benefit improvement, while reducing agrochemical carbon footprints by 40–55%. The proposed framework bridges critical gaps in sustainable agriculture by simultaneously addressing yield stability, biodiversity conservation, and climate mitigation imperatives. This work advances the dynamic modelling of agroecosystems through probabilistic risk assessment and carbon-aware decision-making, providing actionable pathways for low-carbon agricultural intensification.

During deep coalbed methane (CBM) drilling, wellbore stability is significantly influenced by the interaction between drilling fluid and coal rock. However, quantitative data on mechanical degradation under long-term high-temperature and high-pressure conditions are lacking. This study subjected coal cores to immersion in field-formula drilling fluid at 60 °C and 10.5 MPa for 0–30 days, followed by uniaxial and triaxial compression tests under confining pressures of 0/5/10/20 MPa. The fracture evolution was tracked using micro-indentation (µ-indentation), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), establishing a relationship between water absorption and strength. The results indicate a sharp decline in mechanical parameters within the first 5 days, after which they stabilized. Uniaxial compressive strength decreased from 36.85 MPa to 22.0 MPa (−40%), elastic modulus from 1.93 GPa to 1.07 GPa (−44%), cohesion from 14.5 MPa to 5.9 MPa (−59%), and internal friction angle from 24.9° to 19.8° (−20%). Even under 20 MPa confining pressure after 30 days, the strength loss reached 43%. Water absorption increased from 6.1% to 7.9%, showing a linear negative correlation with strength, with the slope increasing from −171 MPa/% (no confining pressure) to −808 MPa/% (20 MPa confining pressure). The matrix elastic modulus remained stable at 3.5–3.9 GPa, and mineral composition remained unchanged, confirming that the degradation was due to hydraulic wedging and lubrication of fractures rather than matrix damage. These quantitative thresholds provide direct evidence for predicting wellbore stability in deep CBM drilling.