Carbon-based nanomaterials with excellent electrical and optical properties are highly sought after for a plethora of hybrid applications, ranging from advanced sustainable energy storage devices to opto-electronic components. In this contribution, we examine in detail the dependence of electrical conductivity and the ultrafast optical nonlinearity of graphene oxide (GO) films on their degrees of reduction, as well as the link between the two properties. The GO films were first synthesized through the vacuum filtration method and then reduced partially and controllably by way of femtosecond laser direct writing with varying power doses. Subsequently, the four-point probe measurements of the reduced-GO (r-GO) films were demonstrated to exhibit superior resistivity and electrical conductivity compared with the pristine-GO counterpart. It was found that the conductivity of the film increases and then decreases with increasing ablation laser power (P), and GO was completely reduced at P = 100 mW, with a resistivity and electrical conductivity of 1.09 × 10⁻³ Ω·m and 9.19 × 10² S/m, respectively. GO was over-reduced at P = 120 mW, with its resistivity and electrical conductivity being 3.72 × 10⁻³ Ω·m and 2.69 × 10² S/m, respectively. We further tested the ultrafast optical nonlinearity (ONL) of the as-prepared pristine and reduced GO with the femtosecond Z-scan technique. The results show that the behavior of ONL is reversed whenever GO is reduced in a controlled manner. More interestingly, the higher the ablation laser power is, the stronger the optical nonlinearity of r-GO is. In particular, the nonlinear absorption and refraction coefficients of the r-GO films reach up to 3.26 × 10⁻⁸ m/W and −1.12 × 10⁻¹³ m²/W when P = 120 mW. The nonlinear absorption and refraction coefficients reach 1.9 × 10⁻⁸ m/W and −3 × 10⁻¹³ m²/W, respectively, for P = 70 mW. GO/r-GO thin films with tunable photovoltaic response properties have potential for a wide range of applications in microelectronic circuits, energy, and environmental sustainability.

Soft robots are advantageous due to their flexibility, ability to interact with humans, and multifunctional adaptability. However, developing soft robots that are unrestrained and can be reprogrammed for reversible control without causing damage remains a significant challenge. The majority of soft robots have a bilayer structure with internal stress, which limits their motion to pre-programmed anisotropic structures. Taking inspiration from pillworms found in nature, we propose an approach for controlling and reprogramming the motion of actuators using infrared light as the driver and a laser-melted paraffin wax (PW) shell as the controller. The dual-purpose shell can not only protect the actuator but can also alter its initial motion behavior to achieve multiple programming, profile modeling, object grasping, and directional crawling tasks, thereby enabling active changes to the motion strategy in response to external stimuli. This method can also be extended to other materials with similar properties and multi-stimulus responses, offering a new pathway for developing unconstrained, autonomous soft robots and intelligent devices.