The aim of this study is to evaluate the perceptions and challenges of Albanian students during online learning carried out due to COVID-19 pandemic. The students were invited via email to give their perception of ongoing online learning. Responses were obtained from 627 college students from various study fields, such as natural, medical, and life sciences. The results showed that students had a more positive attitude towards the classroom learning environment. The main challenges that students faced were the unavailability of internet connection and the lack of technology devices. Students enrolled in technology-based programs and also those with high academic performance were more comfortable and satisfied with online classes (p<0.001). The % of students who preferred the learning process be continued in the classroom was higher than those who preferred online education or a combination of both on-campus and online learning environments (p<0.001). Students firmly state that online learning cannot replace the classroom. The findings suggested that Albanian students are not familiar enough with technology-based education. Online teaching must be integrated gradually into Albanian education depending also on students’ characteristics. The learning process must be effectively organized by professors, taking into account students’ dissatisfactions and difficulties with e-learning and considering the overall limitations of this method.

Human skin hosts a diverse array of microorganisms that contribute to its health. Key players in the facial skin microbiome include Cutibacterium acnes and staphylococci, whose colonization patterns may influence dermatological conditions like acne vulgaris. This study examined the facial microbiome composition of 29 individuals, including 14 with moderate to severe acne and 15 with healthy skin, using single locus sequence typing (SLST) amplicon sequencing. The results showed a shift in the relative abundances of C. acnes phylotypes: SLST types A, C, and F were increased in acne, while types H, K, and L were reduced compared to healthy skin. Among staphylococci, the relative abundance of S. epidermidis, S. capitis, and S. saphrophyticus increased in acne, while S. saccharolyticus and S. hominis decreased. The amplicon sequencing approach could also identify a population shift of S. epidermidis: a specific S. epidermidis phylogenetic lineage (type 3) was reduced in acne, while two abundant lineages (types 1 and 2) were elevated. These findings suggest that distinct phylogenetic lineages of both C. acnes and S. epidermidis are linked to healthy versus diseased skin, highlighting a potential role for both microorganisms in disease prevention and aggravation, respectively.

Cutibacterium acnes is a common skin bacterium that inhabits sebaceous follicles and comprises multiple phylotypes. Healthy skin is colonized by a C. acnes population dominated by phylotypes IA, IB, and II. In acne, this diversity is reduced, with a predominance of phylotype IA. Quantifying C. acnes phylotypes has been challenging due to the lack of specific methods. Here, we developed a droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assay that separately quantifies phylotype IA and phylotypes IB/II, based on a difference in the hyaluronidase gene. The method was applied to skin swabs from 14 healthy individuals and 14 acne patients. Healthy skin contained nearly equal amounts of IA and IB/II, whereas acne samples showed a 111‐fold predominance of IA over IB/II, due to a marked depletion of IB/II, instead of an increase of IA. After 4–6 months of isotretinoin treatment, C. acnes levels decreased drastically, with phylotype IA reduced by 50‐fold. Twelve to 15 months after treatment, both phylotypes rebounded, although IB/II recovered only partially. Taken together, this ddPCR method can quantitatively distinguish the acne‐dominant phylotype IA from healthy skin‐associated phylotypes IB/II, and is thus a useful tool for skin microbiome studies and specifically for assessing C. acnes dysbiosis in acne.

Topical probiotic formulations containing live bacteria are being explored as treatments for skin disorders such as atopic dermatitis and acne vulgaris. Certain bacterial strains with antimicrobial and/or anti-inflammatory properties show promise as bacterial therapeutics that could improve these conditions and serve as alternatives to antibiotics, which are increasingly compromised by rising antimicrobial resistance. However, little is known about the engraftment efficacy of such bacterial strains or their impact on the native skin microbiome. In this study, we applied two different coagulase-negative staphylococcal strains, one with antimicrobial activity ( Staphylococcus epidermidis 2C-5) and one lacking any activity ( Staphylococcus hominis H2-S92), on human back skin of 14 healthy volunteers. Engraftment was assessed using strain-specific PCR and three amplicon-based sequencing approaches at 7 and 30 days after application. Microbial profiles shifted modestly, showing a relative increase in staphylococci and a decrease in Cutibacterium spp. S. epidermidis 2C-5 drastically increased from 0.8% pre-application to 46.9% and 12.1% at days 7 and 30, respectively. S. hominis H2-S92 showed a relative rise from 1.4% to 35.8% at day 7, declining to 2.4% by day 30. Interestingly, Staphylococcus capitis relative abundance decreased by 50-60% at the application sites. These findings indicate that both strains can temporarily engraft and competitively displace native staphylococci. S. epidermidis 2C-5 appeared to colonize more effectively, possibly due to its bacteriocin production. Neither strain affected the phylotype composition of Cutibacterium acnes , suggesting lack of reach to sebaceous follicles, C. acnes ’ primary niche. This study supports the potential of staphylococcal probiotics for modulating the skin microbiome. While they may be effective for conditions involving staphylococcal dysbiosis, such as atopic dermatitis, they appear less suited for treating disorders like acne vulgaris, which are associated with C. acnes imbalance.