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A persistent challenge is characterizing patterns of tobacco use in terms of product combinations and frequency. Using Wave 4 (2016–17) Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study adult data, we conducted latent class analyses (LCA) of past 30-day frequency of use for 9 tobacco products. One-step LCA with joint multinomial logistic regression models compared sociodemographic factors between users (n = 13,716) and non-users (n = 17,457), and between latent classes of users. We accounted for survey design and weights. Our analyses identified 6 classes: in addition to non-users class (C0: 75.7%), we found 5 distinct latent classes of users: daily exclusive cigarette users (C1: 15.5%); occasional cigarette and polytobacco users (C2: 3.8%); frequent e-product and occasional cigarette users (C3: 2.2%); daily smokeless tobacco (SLT) and infrequent cigarette users (C4: 2.0%); and occasional cigar users (C5: 0.8%). Compared to C1: C2 and C3 had higher odds of being male (versus female), younger (especially 18–24 versus 55 years), and having higher education; C2 had higher, while C3 and C4 had lower, odds of being a racial/ethnic minority (versus Non-Hispanic White); C4 and C5 had much higher odds of being male (versus female) and heterosexual (versus sexual minority) and having higher income; and C5 had higher odds of college or more education. We identified 3 classes of daily or frequent users of a primary product (cigarettes, SLT or e-products) and two classes of occasional users (cigarettes, cigars and polytobacco). Sociodemographic differences in class membership may influence tobacco-related health disparities associated with specific patterns of use.
Ritesh Mistry; Irina Bondarenko; Jihyoun Jeon; Andrew F. Brouwer; Delvon T. Mattingly; Jana L. Hirschtick; Evelyn Jimenez-Mendoza; David T. Levy; Stephanie R. Land; Michael R. Elliott; Jeremy M.G. Taylor; Rafael Meza; Nancy L. Fleischer. Latent class analysis of use frequencies for multiple tobacco products in US adults. Preventive Medicine 2021, 106762 .
AMA StyleRitesh Mistry, Irina Bondarenko, Jihyoun Jeon, Andrew F. Brouwer, Delvon T. Mattingly, Jana L. Hirschtick, Evelyn Jimenez-Mendoza, David T. Levy, Stephanie R. Land, Michael R. Elliott, Jeremy M.G. Taylor, Rafael Meza, Nancy L. Fleischer. Latent class analysis of use frequencies for multiple tobacco products in US adults. Preventive Medicine. 2021; ():106762.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRitesh Mistry; Irina Bondarenko; Jihyoun Jeon; Andrew F. Brouwer; Delvon T. Mattingly; Jana L. Hirschtick; Evelyn Jimenez-Mendoza; David T. Levy; Stephanie R. Land; Michael R. Elliott; Jeremy M.G. Taylor; Rafael Meza; Nancy L. Fleischer. 2021. "Latent class analysis of use frequencies for multiple tobacco products in US adults." Preventive Medicine , no. : 106762.
The use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) among youth in the United States has increased rapidly in the past decade. Simultaneously, while youth cigarette smoking has declined considerably, youth are still more likely to use menthol cigarettes than any other age group. We used nationally representative data on 15–17-year-olds from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study and the National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS) (2013–2017) to better understand current cigarette (by menthol flavoring) and ENDS use in the US. We calculated weighted population prevalence estimates across years for multiple patterns of current cigarette and ENDS use (i.e., exclusive menthol cigarette, exclusive non-menthol cigarette, exclusive ENDS, dual ENDS and menthol cigarette, and dual ENDS and non-menthol cigarette) by sex, race/ethnicity, parental education level, household income, and homeownership. Overall, both exclusive menthol and non-menthol cigarette use declined from 2013–2017. Exclusive ENDS use increased, particularly among youth who were non-Hispanic White or had a higher socioeconomic status (measured by parental education, household income, and homeownership). Dual use of ENDS with either menthol or non-menthol cigarettes did not change significantly. Monitoring changes in these sociodemographic patterns will help inform future youth tobacco prevention strategies.
Akash Patel; Jana Hirschtick; Steven Cook; Bukola Usidame; Ritesh Mistry; David Levy; Rafael Meza; Nancy Fleischer. Sociodemographic Patterns of Exclusive and Dual Use of ENDS and Menthol/Non-Menthol Cigarettes among US Youth (Ages 15–17) Using Two Nationally Representative Surveys (2013–2017). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 7781 .
AMA StyleAkash Patel, Jana Hirschtick, Steven Cook, Bukola Usidame, Ritesh Mistry, David Levy, Rafael Meza, Nancy Fleischer. Sociodemographic Patterns of Exclusive and Dual Use of ENDS and Menthol/Non-Menthol Cigarettes among US Youth (Ages 15–17) Using Two Nationally Representative Surveys (2013–2017). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (15):7781.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAkash Patel; Jana Hirschtick; Steven Cook; Bukola Usidame; Ritesh Mistry; David Levy; Rafael Meza; Nancy Fleischer. 2021. "Sociodemographic Patterns of Exclusive and Dual Use of ENDS and Menthol/Non-Menthol Cigarettes among US Youth (Ages 15–17) Using Two Nationally Representative Surveys (2013–2017)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15: 7781.
Background:Aim: To examine racial/ethnic variations in the effect of parents’ subjective neighborhood safety on children’s cognitive performance. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 10,027 children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. The exposure variable was parents’ subjective neighborhood safety. The outcomes were three domains of children’s cognitive performance: general cognitive performance, executive functioning, and learning/memory. We used mixed-effects regression models for data analysis. Results: Overall, parents’ subjective neighborhood safety was positively associated with children’s executive functioning, but not general cognitive performance or learning/memory. Higher parents’ subjective neighborhood safety had a more positive influence on the executive functioning of non-Hispanic White than Asian American children. Higher parents’ subjective neighborhood safety was associated with higher general cognitive performance and learning/memory for non-White children relative to non-Hispanic White children. Conclusion: The race/ethnicity of children moderates the association between neighborhood safety and cognitive performance. This becomes more complicated, as the patterns seem to differ across ethnicity and cognitive domains. It is unknown whether the observed racial/ethnic variations in the effect of neighborhood safety on cognitive performance are neighborhood characteristics such as residential segregation. Addressing neighborhood inequalities is needed if we wish to reduce racial/ethnic inequities in the cognitive development of children.
Shervin Assari; Shanika Boyce; Ritesh Mistry; Alvin Thomas; Harvey Nicholson; Ryon Cobb; Adolfo Cuevas; Daniel Lee; Mohsen Bazargan; Cleopatra Caldwell; Tommy Curry; Marc Zimmerman. Parents’ Perceived Neighborhood Safety and Children’s Cognitive Performance: Complexities by Race, Ethnicity, and Cognitive Domain. Urban Science 2021, 5, 46 .
AMA StyleShervin Assari, Shanika Boyce, Ritesh Mistry, Alvin Thomas, Harvey Nicholson, Ryon Cobb, Adolfo Cuevas, Daniel Lee, Mohsen Bazargan, Cleopatra Caldwell, Tommy Curry, Marc Zimmerman. Parents’ Perceived Neighborhood Safety and Children’s Cognitive Performance: Complexities by Race, Ethnicity, and Cognitive Domain. Urban Science. 2021; 5 (2):46.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShervin Assari; Shanika Boyce; Ritesh Mistry; Alvin Thomas; Harvey Nicholson; Ryon Cobb; Adolfo Cuevas; Daniel Lee; Mohsen Bazargan; Cleopatra Caldwell; Tommy Curry; Marc Zimmerman. 2021. "Parents’ Perceived Neighborhood Safety and Children’s Cognitive Performance: Complexities by Race, Ethnicity, and Cognitive Domain." Urban Science 5, no. 2: 46.
Background: Recent studies have shown that parental educational attainment is associated with a larger superior temporal cortical surface area associated with higher reading ability in children. Simultaneously, the marginalization-related diminished returns (MDRs) framework suggests that, due to structural racism and social stratification, returns of parental education are smaller for black and other racial/ethnic minority children compared to their white counterparts. Purpose: This study used a large national sample of 9–10-year-old American children to investigate associations between parental educational attainment, the right and left superior temporal cortical surface area, and reading ability across diverse racial/ethnic groups. Methods: This was a cross-sectional analysis that included 10,817 9–10-year-old children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Parental educational attainment was treated as a five-level categorical variable. Children’s right and left superior temporal cortical surface area and reading ability were continuous variables. Race/ethnicity was the moderator. To adjust for the nested nature of the ABCD data, mixed-effects regression models were used to test the associations between parental education, superior temporal cortical surface area, and reading ability overall and by race/ethnicity. Results: Overall, high parental educational attainment was associated with greater superior temporal cortical surface area and reading ability in children. In the pooled sample, we found statistically significant interactions between race/ethnicity and parental educational attainment on children’s right and left superior temporal cortical surface area, suggesting that high parental educational attainment has a smaller boosting effect on children’s superior temporal cortical surface area for black than white children. We also found a significant interaction between race and the left superior temporal surface area on reading ability, indicating weaker associations for Alaskan Natives, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders (AIAN/NHPI) than white children. We also found interactions between race and parental educational attainment on reading ability, indicating more potent effects for black children than white children. Conclusion: While parental educational attainment may improve children’s superior temporal cortical surface area, promoting reading ability, this effect may be unequal across racial/ethnic groups. To minimize the racial/ethnic gap in children’s brain development and school achievement, we need to address societal barriers that diminish parental educational attainment’s marginal returns for middle-class minority families. Social and public policies need to go beyond equal access and address structural and societal barriers that hinder middle-class families of color and their children. Future research should test how racism, social stratification, segregation, and discrimination, which shape the daily lives of non-white individuals, take a toll on children’s brains and academic development.
Shervin Assari; Shanika Boyce; Mohsen Bazargan; Alvin Thomas; Ryon Cobb; Darrell Hudson; Tommy Curry; Harvey Nicholson; Adolfo Cuevas; Ritesh Mistry; Tabbye Chavous; Cleopatra Caldwell; Marc Zimmerman. Parental Educational Attainment, the Superior Temporal Cortical Surface Area, and Reading Ability among American Children: A Test of Marginalization-Related Diminished Returns. Children 2021, 8, 412 .
AMA StyleShervin Assari, Shanika Boyce, Mohsen Bazargan, Alvin Thomas, Ryon Cobb, Darrell Hudson, Tommy Curry, Harvey Nicholson, Adolfo Cuevas, Ritesh Mistry, Tabbye Chavous, Cleopatra Caldwell, Marc Zimmerman. Parental Educational Attainment, the Superior Temporal Cortical Surface Area, and Reading Ability among American Children: A Test of Marginalization-Related Diminished Returns. Children. 2021; 8 (5):412.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShervin Assari; Shanika Boyce; Mohsen Bazargan; Alvin Thomas; Ryon Cobb; Darrell Hudson; Tommy Curry; Harvey Nicholson; Adolfo Cuevas; Ritesh Mistry; Tabbye Chavous; Cleopatra Caldwell; Marc Zimmerman. 2021. "Parental Educational Attainment, the Superior Temporal Cortical Surface Area, and Reading Ability among American Children: A Test of Marginalization-Related Diminished Returns." Children 8, no. 5: 412.
Purpose This study examines sociodemographic patterns of exclusive/dual/polytobacco use among U.S. high school students using multiple national surveys. Methods Using three national youth surveys (Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health [PATH] Wave 4 [2016–2017], 2017 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, and 2017 National Youth Tobacco Survey), we classified tobacco products into four groups: (1) electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), (2) conventional cigarettes (CCs), (3) other combustible tobacco products, and (4) smokeless tobacco products. We created 16 categories of non/exclusive/dual/polytobacco use within the past 30 days using the four product groups and calculated weighted population prevalence by sex and race/ethnicity (all surveys) and parental education and income (PATH), based on variable availability. Results The results from 9,331, 12,407, and 9,699 high school students in PATH, Youth Risk Behavior Survey, and National Youth Tobacco Survey, respectively, largely agreed and pointed to similar conclusions. ENDS was the most prevalent exclusive use product (3.8%–5.2% across surveys), with CCs falling to second or third (1.2%–2.0% across surveys). By sex, exclusive, dual, and poly smokeless tobacco product use were more common for males, whereas exclusive CC use was more common for females. By race/ethnicity, non-Hispanic Whites had a higher prevalence of exclusive ENDS use and ENDS/CC dual use than non-Hispanic Blacks. As income and parental education levels increased from low to high, the prevalence of exclusive CC use decreased, whereas the prevalence of exclusive ENDS use increased. Conclusion Understanding sociodemographic patterns of tobacco use can help identify groups who may be at greater risk for tobacco-related health outcomes.
BeomYoung Cho; Jana L. Hirschtick; Bukola Usidame; Rafael Meza; Ritesh Mistry; Stephanie R. Land; David T. Levy; Theodore Holford; Nancy L. Fleischer. Sociodemographic Patterns of Exclusive, Dual, and Polytobacco Use Among U.S. High School Students: A Comparison of Three Nationally Representative Surveys. Journal of Adolescent Health 2021, 68, 750 -757.
AMA StyleBeomYoung Cho, Jana L. Hirschtick, Bukola Usidame, Rafael Meza, Ritesh Mistry, Stephanie R. Land, David T. Levy, Theodore Holford, Nancy L. Fleischer. Sociodemographic Patterns of Exclusive, Dual, and Polytobacco Use Among U.S. High School Students: A Comparison of Three Nationally Representative Surveys. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2021; 68 (4):750-757.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBeomYoung Cho; Jana L. Hirschtick; Bukola Usidame; Rafael Meza; Ritesh Mistry; Stephanie R. Land; David T. Levy; Theodore Holford; Nancy L. Fleischer. 2021. "Sociodemographic Patterns of Exclusive, Dual, and Polytobacco Use Among U.S. High School Students: A Comparison of Three Nationally Representative Surveys." Journal of Adolescent Health 68, no. 4: 750-757.
Background The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA), under the 2009 Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, banned characterizing flavors in cigarettes; however, mentholated tobacco products were exempt. Since 2009, over 20 US jurisdictions and numerous countries around the world have extended this restriction to menthol. Currently, the FDA is reconsidering its position on a nation-wide menthol cigarette ban. However, the effects of such a ban remain unclear. We conducted a scoping review to explore the impact of a menthol cigarette ban on individual behaviors (initiation, cessation, and product switching), sales, and compliance. Methods We conducted a search of the international literature using PubMed, EBSCO, and Web of Science (to November 25, 2019). We retrieved articles relevant to the impacts of an implemented or hypothetical menthol ban. We also included studies of flavored tobacco product bans due to their potential relevance in gauging compliance and product substitutability. Results The search identified 493 articles, of which 24 were included. Studies examined the effects of implemented menthol bans (n = 6), hypothetical menthol bans (n = 12) and implemented flavor bans that exclude menthol (n = 6). Menthol bans were found to reduce sales and increase smoking cessation with only partial substitution for non-menthol cigarettes. US smokers’ reactions to a hypothetical ban indicate that about 25–64% would attempt to quit smoking and 11–46% would consider switching to other tobacco products, including 15–30% to e-cigarettes. Flavor ban studies indicate reductions in initiation of 6%. Ban compliance was high, but studies indicate that the tobacco industry and retailers have attempted to circumvent their impact via packaging changes and online sales. Conclusion Our review finds that extending the US cigarette flavor ban to menthol products would promote smoking cessation and reduce initiation. This evidence supports further action by the FDA towards mentholated tobacco products. However, few studies have been conducted in the vaping era.
Christopher Cadham; Luz Maria Sanchez-Romero; Nancy L. Fleischer; Ritesh Mistry; Jana L. Hirschtick; Rafael Meza; David T. Levy. The actual and anticipated effects of a menthol cigarette ban: a scoping review. BMC Public Health 2020, 20, 1 -17.
AMA StyleChristopher Cadham, Luz Maria Sanchez-Romero, Nancy L. Fleischer, Ritesh Mistry, Jana L. Hirschtick, Rafael Meza, David T. Levy. The actual and anticipated effects of a menthol cigarette ban: a scoping review. BMC Public Health. 2020; 20 (1):1-17.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristopher Cadham; Luz Maria Sanchez-Romero; Nancy L. Fleischer; Ritesh Mistry; Jana L. Hirschtick; Rafael Meza; David T. Levy. 2020. "The actual and anticipated effects of a menthol cigarette ban: a scoping review." BMC Public Health 20, no. 1: 1-17.
Purpose. This study investigated the effects of objective and subjective socioeconomic status (SES) indicators on two health behaviors, cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking, among African American older adults. Methods. This community-based study recruited 619 economically disadvantaged African American older adults (age ≥ 65 years) residing in South Los Angeles. Structured face-to-face interviews were conducted to collect data. Data on demographic factors (age and gender), subjective SES (financial difficulties), objective SES (educational attainment), living arrangement, marital status, healthcare access (insurance), and health (number of chronic medical conditions, self-rated health, sick days, depression, and chronic pain) and health behaviors (cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking) were collected from participants. Logistic regressions were used to analyze the data. Results. High financial difficulties were associated with higher odds of smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol, independent of covariates. Educational attainment did not correlate with our outcomes. Similar patterns emerged for cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking. Conclusion. Subjective SES indicators such as financial difficulties may be more relevant than objective SES indicators such as educational attainment to health risk behaviors such as cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking among African American older adults in economically constrain urban environments. Smoking and drinking may serve as coping mechanisms with financial difficulty, especially among African American older adults. In line with the minorities’ diminished returns (MDR) theory, and probably due to discrimination against racial minorities, educational attainment has a smaller protective effect among economically disadvantaged African American individuals against health risk behaviors.
Shervin Assari; James Smith; Ritesh Mistry; Mehdi Farokhnia; Mohsen Bazargan. Substance Use among Economically Disadvantaged African American Older Adults; Objective and Subjective Socioeconomic Status. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 1826 .
AMA StyleShervin Assari, James Smith, Ritesh Mistry, Mehdi Farokhnia, Mohsen Bazargan. Substance Use among Economically Disadvantaged African American Older Adults; Objective and Subjective Socioeconomic Status. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (10):1826.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShervin Assari; James Smith; Ritesh Mistry; Mehdi Farokhnia; Mohsen Bazargan. 2019. "Substance Use among Economically Disadvantaged African American Older Adults; Objective and Subjective Socioeconomic Status." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 10: 1826.
Background: Researchers have reported gender differences in the association between perceived racial discrimination (PRD) and substance use including marijuana use (MU). A limited number of longitudinal studies, however, have documented the long-term effect of PRD during adolescence on subsequent MU in young adulthood. Objective: In the current longitudinal study, we tested gender differences in the association between baseline PRD during adolescence and subsequent MU during young adulthood within Black population. Methods: A cohort of 595 Black (278 male and 317 female) ninth grade students were followed for 13 years from 1999 (mean age 20) to 2012 (mean age 33). Participants were selected from an economically disadvantaged urban area in the Midwest, United States. The independent variable was PRD measured in 1999. The outcome was average MU between 2000 and 2012 (based on eight measurements). Covariates included age, socio-demographics (family structure, and parental employment), and substance use by friends and parents. Gender was the focal moderator. Linear regression was used for statistical analysis. Results: In the pooled sample, PRD in 1999 was not associated with average MU between 2000 and 2012. We did, however, find an interaction effect between baseline PRD and gender on average MU, suggesting stronger association for males than females. In gender-specific models, baseline PRD predicted average MU between 2000 and 2012 for males, but not for females. Conclusion: Exposure to PRD during late adolescence may have a larger role on MU of male than female Black young adults. Although we found that males are more vulnerable to the effects of PRD on MU, PRD should be prevented regardless of race, gender, and other social identities. While PRD is pervasive among Black Americans, exposure to PRD increase the risk of MU for Black males. Hence, substance use prevention efforts for Black males, in particular, should emphasize coping with PRD.
Shervin Assari; Ritesh Mistry; Daniel B. Lee; Cleopatra Howard Caldwell; Marc A. Zimmerman. Perceived Racial Discrimination and Marijuana Use a Decade Later; Gender Differences Among Black Youth. Frontiers in Pediatrics 2019, 7, 1 .
AMA StyleShervin Assari, Ritesh Mistry, Daniel B. Lee, Cleopatra Howard Caldwell, Marc A. Zimmerman. Perceived Racial Discrimination and Marijuana Use a Decade Later; Gender Differences Among Black Youth. Frontiers in Pediatrics. 2019; 7 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShervin Assari; Ritesh Mistry; Daniel B. Lee; Cleopatra Howard Caldwell; Marc A. Zimmerman. 2019. "Perceived Racial Discrimination and Marijuana Use a Decade Later; Gender Differences Among Black Youth." Frontiers in Pediatrics 7, no. : 1.
According to the minorities’ diminished returns (MDR) theory, socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as education attainment have smaller protective effects on health risk behaviors for racial and ethnic minority groups in comparison to the ‘dominant’ social group. However, most studies of MDR theory have been on comparison of Blacks versus Whites. Much less is known about diminished returns of SES in ethnic subpopulations (i.e., Hispanics versus non-Hispanic Whites). To test whether MDR also holds for the social patterning of problematic alcohol use among Hispanic and non-Hispanic Whites, this study investigated ethnic variations in the association between education attainment and alcohol binge drinking frequency in a population-based sample of adults. Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey, 2001, included 907 non-Hispanic White and 2117 Hispanic White adults (≥18 years old). Hispanic ethnicity (moderator), education attainment (independent variable), alcohol binge drinking frequency (dependent variable), and gender, age, immigration status, employment status, self-rated health, and history of depression (confounders) were included in four linear regressions. In the overall sample that included both non-Hispanic and Hispanic Whites, higher education attainment was correlated with lower alcohol binge drinking frequency (b = −0.05, 95% CI = −0.09 - −0.02), net of covariates. A significant interaction was found between ethnicity and education attainment (b = 0.09; 95% CI = 0.00–0.17), indicating a stronger protective effect of high education attainment against alcohol binge drinking frequency for non-Hispanic than Hispanic Whites. In ethnic-stratified models, higher level of education attainment was associated with lower binge drinking frequency among non-Hispanic Whites (b = −0.11, 95% CI = −0.19 - −0.03), but not among Hispanic Whites (b = −0.01, 95% CI = −0.04 - 0.03). While, overall, higher education attainment is associated with lower frequency of alcohol binge drinking, this protective effect of education attainment seems to be weaker among Hispanic Whites compared to non-Hispanic Whites, a phenomenon consistent with the MDR theory.
Shervin Assari; Mehdi Farokhnia; Ritesh Mistry. Education Attainment and Alcohol Binge Drinking: Diminished Returns of Hispanics in Los Angeles. Behavioral Sciences 2019, 9, 9 .
AMA StyleShervin Assari, Mehdi Farokhnia, Ritesh Mistry. Education Attainment and Alcohol Binge Drinking: Diminished Returns of Hispanics in Los Angeles. Behavioral Sciences. 2019; 9 (1):9.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShervin Assari; Mehdi Farokhnia; Ritesh Mistry. 2019. "Education Attainment and Alcohol Binge Drinking: Diminished Returns of Hispanics in Los Angeles." Behavioral Sciences 9, no. 1: 9.
Introduction: This study aimed to examine gender differences in the bidirectional associations between marijuana use and depressive symptoms among African American adolescents. The study also tested gender differences in the effects of socioeconomic status, maternal support, and friends’ drug use on adolescents’ depressive symptoms and marijuana use. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of the Flint Adolescent Study (FAS). Six hundred and eighty one African American adolescents (335 males and 346 females) were followed for 3 years, from 1995 (mean age 16) to 1997 (mean age 19). Depressive symptoms (Brief Symptom Inventory) and marijuana use were measured annually during the follow up. We used multi-group latent growth curve modeling to explore the reciprocal associations between depressive symptoms and marijuana use over time based on gender. Results: Baseline marijuana use was predictive of an increase in depressive symptoms over time among male but not female African American adolescents. Baseline depressive symptoms were not predictive of an increase in marijuana use among male or female adolescents. Conclusion: Study findings suggest that male African American adolescents who use marijuana are at an increased risk of subsequent depressive symptoms. Interventions that combine screening and treatment for marijuana use and depression may be indicated for African American male adolescents.
Shervin Assari; Ritesh Mistry; Cleopatra Howard Caldwell; Marc A. Zimmerman. Marijuana Use and Depressive Symptoms; Gender Differences in African American Adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology 2018, 9, 1 .
AMA StyleShervin Assari, Ritesh Mistry, Cleopatra Howard Caldwell, Marc A. Zimmerman. Marijuana Use and Depressive Symptoms; Gender Differences in African American Adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology. 2018; 9 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShervin Assari; Ritesh Mistry; Cleopatra Howard Caldwell; Marc A. Zimmerman. 2018. "Marijuana Use and Depressive Symptoms; Gender Differences in African American Adolescents." Frontiers in Psychology 9, no. : 1.
Due to an error during production, a citation of the published paper [1] was incorrect
Shervin Assari; Ritesh Mistry. Erratum: Assari, S.; Mistry, R. Educational Attainment and Smoking Status in a National Sample of American Adults; Evidence for the Blacks’ Diminished Return. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 763. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018, 15, 2084 .
AMA StyleShervin Assari, Ritesh Mistry. Erratum: Assari, S.; Mistry, R. Educational Attainment and Smoking Status in a National Sample of American Adults; Evidence for the Blacks’ Diminished Return. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 763. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15 (10):2084.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShervin Assari; Ritesh Mistry. 2018. "Erratum: Assari, S.; Mistry, R. Educational Attainment and Smoking Status in a National Sample of American Adults; Evidence for the Blacks’ Diminished Return. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 763." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 10: 2084.
Although perceived discrimination in Black youth is a risk factor for a wide range of negative mental health outcomes, recent research has suggested some gender differences in these associations. Gender differences in vulnerability to perceived discrimination among Caribbean Black youth is, however, still unknown. The current cross-sectional study investigated gender variations in the association between perceived discrimination and substance use (SU) in a national sample of Caribbean Black youth. Data came from the National Survey of American Life-Adolescents (NSAL-A), 2003–2004. This analysis included 360 Caribbean Black youth (165 males and 195 females) who were between 13 and 17 years old. Sociodemographic factors, perceived discrimination, and SU were measured. Logistic regressions were used for data analysis. Among Caribbean Black youth, a positive association was found between perceived discrimination and SU (odds ratio (OR) = 1.15 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.02–1.29)). A significant interaction was found between gender and perceived discrimination on smoking (OR = 1.23 (95% CI = 1.07–1.41)) suggesting that the association between perceived discrimination and smoking is larger for male than female Caribbean Black youth. The interaction between gender and perceived discrimination on SU was not statistically significant (OR = 1.32 (95% CI = 0.94–1.86)). While perceived discrimination increases SU in Caribbean Black youth, this effect is stronger for males than females, especially for smoking. While discrimination should be reduced at all levels and for all populations, clinicians may specifically address discrimination for SU prevention and treatment among male Caribbean Black youth.
Shervin Assari; Ritesh Mistry; Cleopatra Howard Caldwell. Perceived Discrimination and Substance Use among Caribbean Black Youth; Gender Differences. Brain Sciences 2018, 8, 131 .
AMA StyleShervin Assari, Ritesh Mistry, Cleopatra Howard Caldwell. Perceived Discrimination and Substance Use among Caribbean Black Youth; Gender Differences. Brain Sciences. 2018; 8 (7):131.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShervin Assari; Ritesh Mistry; Cleopatra Howard Caldwell. 2018. "Perceived Discrimination and Substance Use among Caribbean Black Youth; Gender Differences." Brain Sciences 8, no. 7: 131.
This project will use a multilevel longitudinal cohort study design to assess whether changes in Community Tobacco Environmental (CTE) factors, measured as community compliance with tobacco control policies and community density of tobacco vendors and tobacco advertisements, are associated with adolescent tobacco use in urban India. India's tobacco control policies regulate secondhand smoke exposure, access to tobacco products and exposure to tobacco marketing. Research data about the association between community level compliance with tobacco control policies and youth tobacco use are largely unavailable, and are needed to inform policy enforcement, implementation and development. The geographic scope will include Mumbai and Kolkata, India. The study protocol calls for an annual comprehensive longitudinal population-based tobacco use risk and protective factors survey in a cohort of 1820 adolescents ages 12-14 years (and their parent) from baseline (Wave 1) to 36-month follow-up (Wave 4). Geographic Information Systems data collection will be used to map tobacco vendors, tobacco advertisements, availability of e-cigarettes, COTPA defined public places, and compliance with tobacco sale, point-of-sale and smoke-free laws. Finally, we will estimate the longitudinal associations between CTE factors and adolescent tobacco use, and assess whether the associations are moderated by family level factors, and mediated by individual level factors. India experiences a high burden of disease and mortality from tobacco use. To address this burden, significant long-term prevention and control activities need to include the joint impact of policy, community and family factors on adolescent tobacco use onset. The findings from this study can be used to guide the development and implementation of future tobacco control policy designed to minimize adolescent tobacco use.
Ritesh Mistry; Mangesh S. Pednekar; Prakash C. Gupta; Trivellore E. Raghunathan; Surekha Appikatla; Namrata Puntambekar; Keyuri Adhikari; Maqsood Siddiqi; William J. McCarthy. Longitudinal study of adolescent tobacco use and tobacco control policies in India. BMC Public Health 2018, 18, 815 .
AMA StyleRitesh Mistry, Mangesh S. Pednekar, Prakash C. Gupta, Trivellore E. Raghunathan, Surekha Appikatla, Namrata Puntambekar, Keyuri Adhikari, Maqsood Siddiqi, William J. McCarthy. Longitudinal study of adolescent tobacco use and tobacco control policies in India. BMC Public Health. 2018; 18 (1):815.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRitesh Mistry; Mangesh S. Pednekar; Prakash C. Gupta; Trivellore E. Raghunathan; Surekha Appikatla; Namrata Puntambekar; Keyuri Adhikari; Maqsood Siddiqi; William J. McCarthy. 2018. "Longitudinal study of adolescent tobacco use and tobacco control policies in India." BMC Public Health 18, no. 1: 815.
BackgroundWe measured how student tobacco use and psychological risk factors (intention to use and perceived ease of access to tobacco products) were associated with tobacco vendor compliance with India’s Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act provisions regulating the point-of-sale (POS) environment.MethodsWe conducted a population-based cross-sectional survey of high school students (n=1373) and tobacco vendors (n=436) in school-adjacent communities (n=26) in Mumbai, India. We used in-class self-administered questionnaires of high school students, face-to-face interviews with tobacco vendors and compliance checks of tobacco POS environments. Logistic regression models with adjustments for clustering were used to measure associations between student tobacco use, psychological risk factors and tobacco POS compliance.ResultsCompliance with POS laws was low overall and was associated with lower risk of student current tobacco use (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.26 to 0.91) and current smokeless tobacco use (OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.77), when controlling for student-level and community-level tobacco use risk factors. Compliance was not associated with student intention to use tobacco (OR 0.50; 95% CI 0.21 to 1.18) and perceived ease of access to tobacco (OR 0.73; 95% CI 0.53 to 1.00).ConclusionsImproving vendor compliance with tobacco POS laws may reduce student tobacco use. Future studies should test strategies to improve compliance with tobacco POS laws, particularly in low-income and middle-income country settings like urban India.
Ritesh Mistry; Mangesh Pednekar; William J McCarthy; Ken Resnicow; Sharmila A Pimple; Hsing-Fang Hsieh; Gauravi Mishra; Prakash C Gupta. Compliance with point-of-sale tobacco control policies and student tobacco use in Mumbai, India. Tobacco Control 2018, 28, 220 -226.
AMA StyleRitesh Mistry, Mangesh Pednekar, William J McCarthy, Ken Resnicow, Sharmila A Pimple, Hsing-Fang Hsieh, Gauravi Mishra, Prakash C Gupta. Compliance with point-of-sale tobacco control policies and student tobacco use in Mumbai, India. Tobacco Control. 2018; 28 (2):220-226.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRitesh Mistry; Mangesh Pednekar; William J McCarthy; Ken Resnicow; Sharmila A Pimple; Hsing-Fang Hsieh; Gauravi Mishra; Prakash C Gupta. 2018. "Compliance with point-of-sale tobacco control policies and student tobacco use in Mumbai, India." Tobacco Control 28, no. 2: 220-226.
In India, tobacco use during pregnancy is not routinely addressed during antenatal care. We measured the association between tobacco use and anemia in low-income pregnant women, and identified ways to integrate tobacco cessation into existing antenatal care at primary health centers. We conducted an observational study using structured interviews with antenatal care clinic patients (n = 100) about tobacco use, anemia, and risk factors such as consumption of iron rich foods and food insecurity. We performed blood tests for serum cotinine, hemoglobin and ferritin. We conducted in-depth interviews with physicians (n = 5) and auxiliary nurse midwives (n = 5), and focus groups with community health workers (n = 65) to better understand tobacco and anemia control services offered during antenatal care. We found that 16% of patients used tobacco, 72% were anemic, 41% had iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and 29% were food insecure. Regression analysis showed that tobacco use (OR = 14.3; 95%CI = 2.6, 77.9) and consumption of green leafy vegetables (OR = 0.6; 95%CI = 0.4, 0.9) were independently associated with IDA, and tobacco use was not associated with consumption of iron-rich foods or household food insecurity. Clinics had a system for screening, treatment and follow-up care for anemic and iron-deficient antenatal patients, but not for tobacco use. Clinicians and community health workers were interested in integrating tobacco screening and cessation services with current maternal care services such as anemia control. Tobacco users wanted help to quit. It would be worthwhile to assess the feasibility of integrating antenatal tobacco screening and cessation services with antenatal care services for anemia control, such as screening and guidance during clinic visits and cessation support during home visits.
Ritesh Mistry; Andrew D. Jones; Mangesh Pednekar; Gauri Dhumal; Anjuli Dasika; Ujwala Kulkarni; Mangala Gomare; Prakash C. Gupta. Antenatal tobacco use and iron deficiency anemia: integrating tobacco control into antenatal care in urban India. Reproductive Health 2018, 15, 72 .
AMA StyleRitesh Mistry, Andrew D. Jones, Mangesh Pednekar, Gauri Dhumal, Anjuli Dasika, Ujwala Kulkarni, Mangala Gomare, Prakash C. Gupta. Antenatal tobacco use and iron deficiency anemia: integrating tobacco control into antenatal care in urban India. Reproductive Health. 2018; 15 (1):72.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRitesh Mistry; Andrew D. Jones; Mangesh Pednekar; Gauri Dhumal; Anjuli Dasika; Ujwala Kulkarni; Mangala Gomare; Prakash C. Gupta. 2018. "Antenatal tobacco use and iron deficiency anemia: integrating tobacco control into antenatal care in urban India." Reproductive Health 15, no. 1: 72.
Background: Although higher socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as educational attainment are linked with health behaviors, the Blacks’ Diminished Return theory posits that the protective effects of SES are systemically smaller for Blacks than Whites. Aims: To explore the Black/White differences in the association between education and smoking. Methods: This cross-sectional study used the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) 2017 (n = 3217). HINTS is a national survey of American adults. The current analysis included 2277 adults who were either Whites (n = 1868; 82%) or Blacks (n = 409; 18%). The independent variable was educational attainment, and the dependent variables were ever and current (past 30-day) smoking. Demographic factors (age and gender) were covariates. Race was the focal moderator. Results: In the pooled sample, higher educational attainment was associated with lower odds of ever and current smoking. Race interacted with the effects of higher educational attainment on current smoking, suggesting a stronger protective effect of higher education against current smoking for Whites than Blacks. Race did not interact with the effect of educational attainment on odds of ever smoking. Conclusions: In line with previous research in the United States, education is more strongly associated with health and health behaviors in Whites than Blacks. Smaller protective effects of education on health behaviors may be due to the existing racism across institutions such as the education system and labor market.
Shervin Assari; Ritesh Mistry. Educational Attainment and Smoking Status in a National Sample of American Adults; Evidence for the Blacks’ Diminished Return. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018, 15, 763 .
AMA StyleShervin Assari, Ritesh Mistry. Educational Attainment and Smoking Status in a National Sample of American Adults; Evidence for the Blacks’ Diminished Return. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15 (4):763.
Chicago/Turabian StyleShervin Assari; Ritesh Mistry. 2018. "Educational Attainment and Smoking Status in a National Sample of American Adults; Evidence for the Blacks’ Diminished Return." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 4: 763.
Ritesh Mistry; Andrew Jones; Mangesh Pednekar; Gauri Dhumal; Anjuli Dasika; Ujwala Kulkarni; Mangala Gamore; Prakash Gupta. Antenatal tobacco use and iron deficiency anemia: formative research to integrate tobacco cessation into antenatal care for low-income women in Mumbai, India. Tobacco Induced Diseases 2018, 16, 1 .
AMA StyleRitesh Mistry, Andrew Jones, Mangesh Pednekar, Gauri Dhumal, Anjuli Dasika, Ujwala Kulkarni, Mangala Gamore, Prakash Gupta. Antenatal tobacco use and iron deficiency anemia: formative research to integrate tobacco cessation into antenatal care for low-income women in Mumbai, India. Tobacco Induced Diseases. 2018; 16 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRitesh Mistry; Andrew Jones; Mangesh Pednekar; Gauri Dhumal; Anjuli Dasika; Ujwala Kulkarni; Mangala Gamore; Prakash Gupta. 2018. "Antenatal tobacco use and iron deficiency anemia: formative research to integrate tobacco cessation into antenatal care for low-income women in Mumbai, India." Tobacco Induced Diseases 16, no. 1: 1.
To examine trajectories of adolescent psychosocial risk—drug use, depressive and anxiety symptoms, and violence victimization and observation—and the longitudinal relationship between psychosocial risk trajectories during adolescence and HIV risk behaviors in adulthood. The eighteen-year longitudinal study was conducted from September 1994 through May 2013, in Michigan. Eight-hundred and fifty predominantly (80%) African American adolescents completed demographics and measures of drug use, depressive and anxiety symptoms, violence victimization and observation at Times 1-4, sexual risk behaviors at Times 5 and 6, and social conditions (i.e., family, peer, and community-level factors) between 14.9 and 32.0 years of age. Growth mixture modeling revealed two trajectories of psychosocial risk factors which can be characterized as a syndemic index: High-Frequency and Low-Frequency. The High-Frequency class was more likely to report HIV risk behaviors, including condomless sex at last sexual intercourse with their primary and secondary partner, sexual intercourse with someone they just met, ≥ 4 sexual partners, and licit and illicit drug use prior to sexual intercourse at Time 5 (mean age 23.1). At Time 6 (mean age 32.0), the High-Frequency class was more likely to report sexual intercourse with someone they just met and ≥ 4 sexual partners, relative to the Low-Frequency class. Additionally, the High-Frequency class was linked to peer and family-level indicators of social conditions. A syndemic index comprised of co-occurring psychosocial risk factors in adolescence seem to have lasting effects on the vulnerability to engage in HIV risk behaviors in emerging adulthood, some of which extend into middle adulthood.
David Córdova; Justin E. Heinze; Hsing-Fang Hsieh; Ritesh Mistry; Christopher P. Salas-Wright; Stephanie Cook; Marc A. Zimmerman. Are trajectories of a syndemic index in adolescence linked to HIV vulnerability in emerging and young adulthood? AIDS 2018, 32, 495 -503.
AMA StyleDavid Córdova, Justin E. Heinze, Hsing-Fang Hsieh, Ritesh Mistry, Christopher P. Salas-Wright, Stephanie Cook, Marc A. Zimmerman. Are trajectories of a syndemic index in adolescence linked to HIV vulnerability in emerging and young adulthood? AIDS. 2018; 32 (4):495-503.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Córdova; Justin E. Heinze; Hsing-Fang Hsieh; Ritesh Mistry; Christopher P. Salas-Wright; Stephanie Cook; Marc A. Zimmerman. 2018. "Are trajectories of a syndemic index in adolescence linked to HIV vulnerability in emerging and young adulthood?" AIDS 32, no. 4: 495-503.
Background: African American youth are among those at greatest risk for experiencing violence victimization. Notably, the mortality rate of cervical cancer for African American women is also twice that of white women. To date, we know of no literature using longitudinal data to examine how violence victimization relates to Papanicolaou (Pap) smear results or cervical cancer in this population. Our study examines how violence victimization during adolescence (age 15 to 18) influences psychological distress, perceived social support, heavy substance abuse, and sexual risk behaviors during emerging adulthood (age 20 to 23), and subsequent Pap smear outcomes during young adulthood (age 29 to 32).
Hsing-Fang Hsieh; Justin E. Heinze; Ian Lang; Ritesh Mistry; Anne Buu; Marc A. Zimmerman. Violence Victimization, Social Support, and Papanicolaou Smear Outcomes: A Longitudinal Study from Adolescence to Young Adulthood. Journal of Women's Health 2017, 26, 1340 -1349.
AMA StyleHsing-Fang Hsieh, Justin E. Heinze, Ian Lang, Ritesh Mistry, Anne Buu, Marc A. Zimmerman. Violence Victimization, Social Support, and Papanicolaou Smear Outcomes: A Longitudinal Study from Adolescence to Young Adulthood. Journal of Women's Health. 2017; 26 (12):1340-1349.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHsing-Fang Hsieh; Justin E. Heinze; Ian Lang; Ritesh Mistry; Anne Buu; Marc A. Zimmerman. 2017. "Violence Victimization, Social Support, and Papanicolaou Smear Outcomes: A Longitudinal Study from Adolescence to Young Adulthood." Journal of Women's Health 26, no. 12: 1340-1349.
California’s tobacco control program contracted for tobacco use surveillance of Asian Indian Americans to address the paucity of information about tobacco use in this community, given their growing proportion of California’s population. This study examined correlates of conventional (CTU) and Asian Indian traditional tobacco use (TTU) in a population-based sample of predominantly immigrant Asian Indian adults residing in California (N = 3228). The analytic sample (n = 2140) was limited to self-identified immigrants from India. Descriptive statistics, bivariate analyses, and multivariate logistic regressions were conducted to examine correlates of tobacco use among Asian Indian immigrants related to their acculturation and religious affiliation. While 65% of the sample had ever used traditional tobacco products (paan masala, gutka, bidis), only 25% had ever used conventional tobacco (cigarettes, cigar, pipe, chewing tobacco, snuff). Less than 5% reported tobacco use in the past 30 days. Rates of ever TTU and CTU were higher among men than women. Ethnic enclave residence was not associated with tobacco use. Impaired mental health was associated with CTU, and number of years spent in the U.S. was positively associated with both CTU and TTU. Individuals affiliated with Sikhism were less likely to use tobacco than individuals affiliated with Hinduism. Few population-based studies in the U.S. address both CTU and TTU use among Asian Indian immigrants. Tobacco use in Asian Indian immigrants may be seriously underestimated if surveillance is limited to conventional tobacco products. Interventions to reduce tobacco use should address mental health issues and consider religious affiliation.
Minal Patel; Ritesh Mistry; Annette E. Maxwell; Hozefa A. Divan; William J. McCarthy. Contextual Factors Related to Conventional and Traditional Tobacco Use Among California Asian Indian Immigrants. Journal of Community Health 2017, 43, 280 -290.
AMA StyleMinal Patel, Ritesh Mistry, Annette E. Maxwell, Hozefa A. Divan, William J. McCarthy. Contextual Factors Related to Conventional and Traditional Tobacco Use Among California Asian Indian Immigrants. Journal of Community Health. 2017; 43 (2):280-290.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMinal Patel; Ritesh Mistry; Annette E. Maxwell; Hozefa A. Divan; William J. McCarthy. 2017. "Contextual Factors Related to Conventional and Traditional Tobacco Use Among California Asian Indian Immigrants." Journal of Community Health 43, no. 2: 280-290.