A new species of Asian horned toad, Boulenophrys, is described from Yongzhou City, Hunan Province, China. The species is a phylogenetically sister to B. yunkaiensis, based on 16S rRNA and COI genes. The new species differs from its congeners, possessing the following combination of characters: (1) moderate body size: SVL 37.6–40.2 mm (38.9 ± 1.3, n = 7) in adult males and SVL 41.8–45.9 mm (43.6 ± 2.1, n = 3) in adult females; (2) tympanum boundary clear: TD/ED 0.48–0.57 in males and 0.47–0.57 in females; (3) the presence of a small horn-like tubercle at the edge of the upper eyelid; (4) vomerine ridge present and vomerine teeth absent; (5) margin of tongue rounded, not notched posteriorly; (6) rough dorsal skin: a discontinuous “V”-shaped ridge with two discontinuous dorsolateral ridges on two sides on the back, dense tubercles on the skin of the ventral surface of the dorsal shank and thigh, and spiny tubercles surrounding the cloaca; (7) slender hindlimbs with heels overlapping when the flexed hindlimbs are held at right angles to the body axis; tibio-tarsal articulation reaching forward between anterior margin of tympanum and posterior corner of eye when leg stretched forward; (8) relative finger length IV < II < I < III, with a subarticular tubercle present at the base of each finger; (9) distinct supernumerary tubercles below the base of I and II toes; (10) toes without lateral fringes and with rudimentary webbing (webbing formula: I1 − 1-II1 − 2-III2 − 3IV3- − 2V).

A new species of xenodermid snake, Achalinus nanshanensis H. Li, L.-Q. Zhu, Z.-Q. Zhang & X.-Y. Mo, sp. nov., is described based on three specimens collected from Nanshan National Park and Tongdao County of southwest Hunan Province. This new species is genetically distinct amongst its congeners with the mitochondrial COI uncorrected p-distance ranging from 4.4% (in A. yangdatongi) to 17.7% (in A. meiguensis). In addition, this new species can be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following morphological characters: (1) dorsal scales with 23 or 25 rows throughout and strongly keeled; (2) tail relatively longer so that TaL/ToL = 0.215–0.248; (3) length of suture between internasals significantly longer than that between prefrontals, LSBI/LSBP = 1.66–1.84; (4) single loreal scale present; (5) SPL 6 in number, with the fourth and fifth contacting eye; (6) IFL 6 in number, with the first three touching the first pair of chin shields; (7) TMP is 2-2-4/2-2(3)-4, with the anterior pair elongated and in contact with the eye; (8) ventrals 2 + 147–158; (9) subcaudals 64–77, unpaired; (10) dorsal body brownish black, with a bright yellow neck collar extending to the head and abdomen in the occipital region. The recognition of the new species increases the number of described Achalinus species to 28, of which 21 are found in China.

A new species of Asian horned toad, Boulenophrys youran sp. nov. , is described from Nanshan National Park in southwestern Hunan Province, China. Phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial 16S rRNA and COI genes place it within the Boulenophrys omeimontis species group as a distinct lineage. The new species can be diagnosed by the following combination of morphological characters: (1) Body size relatively large, SVL 45.3–51.1 mm in nine adult males, 55.6–58.2 mm in two adult females; (2) head wider than long, males HDL/HDW 0.69–0.83; (3) margin of tongue feebly notched posteriorly; (4) subarticular tubercles present on fingers I, relative finger lengths II < I < IV < III; (5) relative toe lengths: I < V < II < III < IV; (6) vomerine ridges present, vomerine teeth absent; (7) hindlimbs slender, heels overlapping when hindlimbs folded; (8) tibiotarsal articulation exceeding snout tip when leg stretched forward; (9) toes with weak webbing, formula: I1⅓ − 2II1⅓ − 2½III2 − 3½IV3½ − 2V, lateral fringes on toes wide; (10) dense moderate black conical nuptial spines on inner two fingers in breeding males.

This study describes a new species of the newt genus (Tylototriton sheni sp. nov.) from the Huangyan area in Zhongfang County of Hunan Province, China, based on morphological and molecular genetic evidence. Phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial 16S rRNA and ND2 gene sequences revealed that the new species forms a monophyletic clade with T. maolanensis and T. broadoridgus, all belonging to the T. asperrimus species group. The new species diagnosed by a combination of following characters: (1) Medium-sized body (SVL 60.9–70.1 mm in males and 74.6–75.5 mm in females); (2) Vomerine teeth in a wide inverted V shape, tips separated; (3) Tubercles on dorsolateral body disconnected, total munbers 16–18; (4) Head length greater than head width; (5) The posterolateral part of the squamosal bears a distinct process extending beyond the posterior margin of the exoccipital; (6) Tips of forelimbs and hindlimbs reaching and slightly overlapping when folded towards the body; (7) Tail shorter than body (TAL/SVL = 0.79–0.91 in males, 0.72–0.75 in females); (8) Fingertips extending beyond the tip of the snout when the forelimbs are stretched forward. This paper summarizes the developmental data of embryos of the new taxon. We propose that the conservation status of the new species should be Critically Endangered (CR) following the IUCN criteria (B1ab iii), and the new species should be included in the List of State Key Protected Wild Animals of China. Immediate protection and supervision of its population are recommended.

Achalinus sheni Ma, Xu, Qi, Wang, Tang, Huang & Jiang, 2023 was originally described based on only male specimens from Lianyuan City and Nanyue District, Hunan, China. So far, no information on the females of this species is available. After molecular systematics and morphological characters of recently collected specimens from Xinshao County, Hunan, several specimens (3 males and 1 female) were identified as this species. Therefore, we provided supplementary descriptions of the female characteristics of this species in this study. Meanwhile, we extended the description of this species.

Achalinus sheni Ma, Xu, Qi, Wang, Tang, Huang & Jiang, 2023 was originally described based on only male specimens from Lianyuan City and Nanyue District, Hunan, China. So far, no information on the females of this species is available. After molecular systematics and morphological characters of recently collected specimens from Xinshao County, Hunan, several specimens (3 males and 1 female) were identified as this species. Therefore, we provided supplementary descriptions of the female characteristics of this species in this study. Meanwhile, we extended the description of this species.