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Dr. Thorsten Schuetze
Department of Architecture, SungKyunKwan University, Suwon, Korea

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0 Integrated Design
0 Resource Efficiency
0 urban resilience
0 climate adaptation
0 Mitigation of climate change

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Zero emission buildings and districts
urban resilience

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Journal article
Published: 29 June 2021 in Sustainability
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Electric appliances for cooling and lighting are responsible for most of the increase in electricity consumption in Karachi, Pakistan. This study aims to investigate the impact of passive energy efficiency measures (PEEMs) on the potential reduction of indoor temperature and cooling energy demand of an architectural campus building (ACB) in Karachi, Pakistan. PEEMs focus on the building envelope’s design and construction, which is a key factor of influence on a building’s cooling energy demand. The existing architectural campus building was modeled using the building information modeling (BIM) software Autodesk Revit. Data related to the electricity consumption for cooling, building masses, occupancy conditions, utility bills, energy use intensity, as well as space types, were collected and analyzed to develop a virtual ACB model. The utility bill data were used to calibrate the DesignBuilder and EnergyPlus base case models of the existing ACB. The cooling energy demand was compared with different alternative building envelope compositions applied as PEEMs in the renovation of the existing exemplary ACB. Finally, cooling energy demand reduction potentials and the related potential electricity demand savings were determined. The quantification of the cooling energy demand facilitates the definition of the building’s electricity consumption benchmarks for cooling with specific technologies.

ACS Style

Mushk Bughio; Muhammad Khan; Waqas Mahar; Thorsten Schuetze. Impact of Passive Energy Efficiency Measures on Cooling Energy Demand in an Architectural Campus Building in Karachi, Pakistan. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7251 .

AMA Style

Mushk Bughio, Muhammad Khan, Waqas Mahar, Thorsten Schuetze. Impact of Passive Energy Efficiency Measures on Cooling Energy Demand in an Architectural Campus Building in Karachi, Pakistan. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (13):7251.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mushk Bughio; Muhammad Khan; Waqas Mahar; Thorsten Schuetze. 2021. "Impact of Passive Energy Efficiency Measures on Cooling Energy Demand in an Architectural Campus Building in Karachi, Pakistan." Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7251.

Journal article
Published: 27 April 2021 in Sustainability
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More than one quarter of buildings in the Republic of Korea (RoK) are aged, approaching the end of their projected lifetimes, and require renovation. Aged buildings in the RoK are generally demolished, and new buildings with higher gross floor areas are realized on the same properties. That kind of redevelopment is associated with increased resource consumption, related greenhouse gas emissions, and other environmental impacts, as well as the generation of construction waste and the displacement of existing building tenants. This study analyzes the legislative framework for sustainable building in the RoK. Legally mandated basic standards for new buildings and renovation were analyzed, and differences were identified. Calculation methods and criteria for sustainable building incentives were determined. Incentive calculation methods were applied to three case-study buildings, which represented the three most common building types in Korea. Maximum building height, floor-to-area and building coverage ratios, and fiscal incentives for energy-efficient technical systems were quantified for new buildings and renovations. The findings identified the current legislative privileges for new buildings. To increase future sustainable building renovations, the criteria and tools for improving the existing legal framework, and economic feasibility, were identified and discussed.

ACS Style

Fabrizio Amoruso; Min-Hee Sonn; Soyeon Chu; Thorsten Schuetze. Sustainable Building Legislation and Incentives in Korea: A Case-Study-Based Comparison of Building New and Renovation. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4889 .

AMA Style

Fabrizio Amoruso, Min-Hee Sonn, Soyeon Chu, Thorsten Schuetze. Sustainable Building Legislation and Incentives in Korea: A Case-Study-Based Comparison of Building New and Renovation. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (9):4889.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fabrizio Amoruso; Min-Hee Sonn; Soyeon Chu; Thorsten Schuetze. 2021. "Sustainable Building Legislation and Incentives in Korea: A Case-Study-Based Comparison of Building New and Renovation." Sustainability 13, no. 9: 4889.

Conference paper
Published: 21 November 2020 in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
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After a period of fast urban growth, which started in the 1960s, urban development in Korea slowed down since 2008 when housing units supply exceeded the number of households for the first time. Depending on the location and specific basic conditions, some areas undergo intensive redevelopments. In contrast, other neighborhoods experience economical and physical deterioration. To facilitate sustainable urban redevelopment, related policies need to address aspects of the New Urban Agenda. This research investigates the different urban development and redevelopment policies in the city of Daegu. Urban projects conducted after 2008 have been mapped and documented in terms of related policies and their degree of implementation, project size, building and population densities, and urban morphology. Potentials for the transformation and densification of existing urban areas are discussed. The research findings are compared with current redevelopment policies and result in recommendations for the evolution of policies towards increased integration of sustainable urban redevelopment aspects.

ACS Style

Thorsten Schuetze; Emilien Gohaud. Potential for sustainable urban regeneration policies and practices in Daegu, Republic of Korea. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2020, 588, 052039 .

AMA Style

Thorsten Schuetze, Emilien Gohaud. Potential for sustainable urban regeneration policies and practices in Daegu, Republic of Korea. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2020; 588 (5):052039.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thorsten Schuetze; Emilien Gohaud. 2020. "Potential for sustainable urban regeneration policies and practices in Daegu, Republic of Korea." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 588, no. 5: 052039.

Conference paper
Published: 21 November 2020 in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
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This research analyses, evaluates and compares the current South Korean legal frameworks and incentive programs that are related to the renovation and potential horizontal and vertical extension of existing buildings, and the construction of new buildings. The research focuses on the three different building categories and the associated urban zoning categories (i) high-rise apartment (residential), (ii) villa (residential), and (iii) mixed-use (residential, office, commercial).The research includes information about maximum building height and the number of floors, floor area ratios, building occupancy ratios, as well as building programs, safety, circulation, energy issues, and financial incentives. The results of this research illustrate the legislative framework and incentive system-based potentials and barriers for sustainable building renovations in South Korea.

ACS Style

Thorsten Schuetze; Fabrizio M. Amoruso; Minhee Sonn. Sustainable renovation versus redevelopment of aged buildings, a comparative analysis of the legislative framework in South Korea. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2020, 588 .

AMA Style

Thorsten Schuetze, Fabrizio M. Amoruso, Minhee Sonn. Sustainable renovation versus redevelopment of aged buildings, a comparative analysis of the legislative framework in South Korea. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2020; 588 ():.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thorsten Schuetze; Fabrizio M. Amoruso; Minhee Sonn. 2020. "Sustainable renovation versus redevelopment of aged buildings, a comparative analysis of the legislative framework in South Korea." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 588, no. : .

Journal article
Published: 08 April 2020 in Sustainability
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Poor Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) adversely affects the performance and health of building users. Building users are an important source of information regarding IEQ and its influence on users’ wellbeing and productivity. This paper discusses the analysis and evaluation of IEQ in lecture halls of two public Architectural Campus Buildings (ACB) in Karachi, Pakistan. The method of this research is divided into three parts: (i) An analysis of local climate conditions, (ii) An on-site survey of two existing ACBs to analyze indoor environmental conditions. and (iii) The analysis of users’ satisfaction using a questionnaire survey. The research results showed that users are dissatisfied with existing hot and humid indoor environment conditions caused by interactions of local outdoor climate conditions, the building’s architecture, and inadequate ventilation within the building. The findings revealed that Karachi has 41.3% comfort hours with the warm sub-humid season to be the most comfortable season having 80.56% comfort hours. IEQ analysis unveiled that airflow in ACB1 is low, whereas, high airflow is observed in ACB2. The findings of this research unveiled that cross-ventilation by the adapted placement of openings, improved external shading devices, and provision of increased vegetation are required in both ACBs to achieve a more comfortable IEQ.

ACS Style

Mushk Bughio; Thorsten Schuetze; Waqas Ahmed Mahar. Comparative Analysis of Indoor Environmental Quality of Architectural Campus Buildings’ Lecture Halls and its’ Perception by Building Users, in Karachi, Pakistan. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2995 .

AMA Style

Mushk Bughio, Thorsten Schuetze, Waqas Ahmed Mahar. Comparative Analysis of Indoor Environmental Quality of Architectural Campus Buildings’ Lecture Halls and its’ Perception by Building Users, in Karachi, Pakistan. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (7):2995.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mushk Bughio; Thorsten Schuetze; Waqas Ahmed Mahar. 2020. "Comparative Analysis of Indoor Environmental Quality of Architectural Campus Buildings’ Lecture Halls and its’ Perception by Building Users, in Karachi, Pakistan." Sustainability 12, no. 7: 2995.

Journal article
Published: 27 January 2020 in Sustainability
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The objective of this study was to illustrate the urban flood resilience and sustainability improvement potential by integration of decentralized water management systems in sustainable urban regeneration projects. This paper discusses sustainable and resilient urban regeneration potentials using the example of an industrial compound (ICs) conversion in Seoul, South Korea. Urban flood vulnerability has been a concern globally due to land use changes, limited capacity of existing stormwater management infrastructures and the effects of climate change. Due to their comparably low building density, ICs can effectively contribute to the separation and decentralized retention and infiltration of stormwater. However, no sustainable and resilient conversion examples of ICs have been realized in Seoul so far. After identification of a representative IC, its exemplary sustainable conversion with implementation of decentralized water management infrastructures were designed. The rainwater collection, retention and infiltration system was dimensioned in order to create a stormwater discharge-free property. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of the improvement potentials before and after the conversion unveiled that this conversion contributes also to the improvement of the neighborhoods’ sustainability, spatial quality and resilience to disasters. The research results are transferable to other urban ICs and are a good practice example for sustainable and resilient regeneration of existing urban districts.

ACS Style

KyoYoung Hwang; Thorsten Schuetze; Fabrizio Amoruso. Flood Resilient and Sustainable Urban Regeneration Using the Example of an Industrial Compound Conversion in Seoul, South Korea. Sustainability 2020, 12, 918 .

AMA Style

KyoYoung Hwang, Thorsten Schuetze, Fabrizio Amoruso. Flood Resilient and Sustainable Urban Regeneration Using the Example of an Industrial Compound Conversion in Seoul, South Korea. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (3):918.

Chicago/Turabian Style

KyoYoung Hwang; Thorsten Schuetze; Fabrizio Amoruso. 2020. "Flood Resilient and Sustainable Urban Regeneration Using the Example of an Industrial Compound Conversion in Seoul, South Korea." Sustainability 12, no. 3: 918.

Journal article
Published: 20 July 2019 in Sustainability
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Apartment buildings are the most common housing typology in South Korea. The mass construction of apartment neighborhoods during a period of rapid economic growth (1970–1997) involved the minimization of material use and quality, as well as industrialized construction processes. Accordingly, apartment buildings require essential renovation after only 20 years of operation. This study focuses on the improvement of thermal comfort for the renovation of an exemplary apartment building based on an integrated Building Information Modeling (BIM) and parametric software framework. The existing apartment was reconstructed with BIM software, and the virtual model was utilized for a parametric building energy simulation to calculate the thermal comfort condition of occupants during the entire year. The thermal comfort analysis results defined the criteria for the development of an enhanced building envelope system characterized by modular panels. The parametric energy simulation was executed for the renovated apartment condition with the enhanced envelope system, and the thermal comfort improvements were quantified by comparing the results for the apartment condition before and after renovation. This study aims to provide the tools and criteria for the comfort analysis of apartment occupants, as well as propose sustainable solutions for the improvement of thermal comfort in aged buildings with similar conditions, internal distribution, and construction components.

ACS Style

Fabrizio M. Amoruso; Udo Dietrich; Thorsten Schuetze. Indoor Thermal Comfort Improvement through the Integrated BIM-Parametric Workflow-Based Sustainable Renovation of an Exemplary Apartment in Seoul, Korea. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3950 .

AMA Style

Fabrizio M. Amoruso, Udo Dietrich, Thorsten Schuetze. Indoor Thermal Comfort Improvement through the Integrated BIM-Parametric Workflow-Based Sustainable Renovation of an Exemplary Apartment in Seoul, Korea. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (14):3950.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fabrizio M. Amoruso; Udo Dietrich; Thorsten Schuetze. 2019. "Indoor Thermal Comfort Improvement through the Integrated BIM-Parametric Workflow-Based Sustainable Renovation of an Exemplary Apartment in Seoul, Korea." Sustainability 11, no. 14: 3950.

Journal article
Published: 12 May 2019 in Sustainability
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More than 60% of housing in South Korea consists of mass constructed apartment neighborhoods. Due to poor quality construction materials and components, the average operative life of apartment buildings is 20 years. The rapid degradation and low maintenance condition of transparent and semi-opaque components, as well as the limited daylight access in the standard apartment layout, are cause for the lower visual comfort of occupants. This research analyzes the improvement in visual comfort for the renovation of an exemplary apartment unit in Seoul, using Building Information Modeling (BIM) and parametric environmental analysis tools. The existing apartment is virtually reconstructed with BIM software. The building model is exported to Computer-Aided Design software to execute parametric daylight analyses through environmental simulation software. An enhanced modular building envelope and apartment layout are developed to reduce the energy demand for heating, cooling, artificial lighting, and to improve visual and thermal comfort. The visual comfort analysis of the refurbished apartment results in average improvements of 15% in terms of Daylight Factor and 30% of daylight autonomy. Therefore, this research proposes, the renovation of aged Korean apartment buildings to enhance daylighting and visual comfort.

ACS Style

Fabrizio M. Amoruso; Udo Dietrich; Thorsten Schuetze. Integrated BIM-Parametric Workflow-Based Analysis of Daylight Improvement for Sustainable Renovation of an Exemplary Apartment in Seoul, Korea. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2699 .

AMA Style

Fabrizio M. Amoruso, Udo Dietrich, Thorsten Schuetze. Integrated BIM-Parametric Workflow-Based Analysis of Daylight Improvement for Sustainable Renovation of an Exemplary Apartment in Seoul, Korea. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (9):2699.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fabrizio M. Amoruso; Udo Dietrich; Thorsten Schuetze. 2019. "Integrated BIM-Parametric Workflow-Based Analysis of Daylight Improvement for Sustainable Renovation of an Exemplary Apartment in Seoul, Korea." Sustainability 11, no. 9: 2699.

Journal article
Published: 29 November 2018 in Sustainability
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Apartments in South Korea have high maintenance costs and an average lifetime of 25 years due to poor construction qualities. The common apartment redevelopment strategy is completely demolishing the neighborhoods and then replacing them with new buildings. However, this research discusses the framework for the refurbishment of an existing building in Seoul using Building Information Modeling (BIM) and parametric tools. The virtual model of an exemplary existing building is constructed in a BIM environment. Parametric software is used to simulate the building’s environmental performance, in order to determine its energy demand for heating and cooling and the indoor comfort. In order to reduce the energy demand for heating and cooling, improve the indoor comfort, generate photovoltaic energy and extend the building’s lifetime, a modular building envelope renovation system is developed. Building simulation results of the improved building envelope are used to quantify the differences with the existing building. The research results illustrate significant improvements in energy performance, comfort and lifetime extension that can be achieved. Furthermore, a guideline for a streamlined building optimization process is provided, that can be transferred and used for the planning and optimization of other building renovation projects.

ACS Style

Fabrizio Maria Amoruso; Udo Dietrich; Thorsten Schuetze. Development of a Building Information Modeling-Parametric Workflow Based Renovation Strategy for an Exemplary Apartment Building in Seoul, Korea. Sustainability 2018, 10, 4494 .

AMA Style

Fabrizio Maria Amoruso, Udo Dietrich, Thorsten Schuetze. Development of a Building Information Modeling-Parametric Workflow Based Renovation Strategy for an Exemplary Apartment Building in Seoul, Korea. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (12):4494.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fabrizio Maria Amoruso; Udo Dietrich; Thorsten Schuetze. 2018. "Development of a Building Information Modeling-Parametric Workflow Based Renovation Strategy for an Exemplary Apartment Building in Seoul, Korea." Sustainability 10, no. 12: 4494.

Journal article
Published: 05 December 2017 in Sustainability
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This paper discusses the framework for the development of an Energy Toolbox (ETB). The aim of the ETB is to support the design of domestic Zero Emission Buildings (ZEBs), according to the concept of net zero-energy buildings during the early architectural design and planning phases. The ETB concept is based on the calculation of the energy demand for heating, cooling, lighting, and appliances. Based on a building’s energy demand, technologies for the onsite conversion and production of the specific forms and quantities of final and primary energy by means of renewable energy carriers can be identified. The calculations of the ETB are based on the building envelope properties of a primary building design, as well as the physical and climate parameters required for the calculation of heat transfer coefficients, heat gains, and heat losses. The ETB enables the selection and rough dimensioning of technologies and systems to meet, and, wherever possible, reduce the thermal and electric energy demand of a building. The technologies included comprise green facades, adaptable dynamic lighting, shading devices, heat pumps, photovoltaic generators, solar thermal collectors, adiabatic cooling, and thermal storage. The ETB facilitates the balancing of the energy consumption and the production of renewable energies of a primary building design.

ACS Style

Christoph Koller; Max Jacques Talmon-Gros; Ranka Junge; Thorsten Schuetze. Energy Toolbox—Framework for the Development of a Tool for the Primary Design of Zero Emission Buildings in European and Asian Cities. Sustainability 2017, 9, 2244 .

AMA Style

Christoph Koller, Max Jacques Talmon-Gros, Ranka Junge, Thorsten Schuetze. Energy Toolbox—Framework for the Development of a Tool for the Primary Design of Zero Emission Buildings in European and Asian Cities. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (12):2244.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christoph Koller; Max Jacques Talmon-Gros; Ranka Junge; Thorsten Schuetze. 2017. "Energy Toolbox—Framework for the Development of a Tool for the Primary Design of Zero Emission Buildings in European and Asian Cities." Sustainability 9, no. 12: 2244.

Journal article
Published: 27 June 2017 in Sustainability
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This paper examines the integration of sustainability principles into architectural education programs at South Korean Universities that have been accredited by the Korea Architectural Accrediting Board (KAAB). Accreditation requires the successful implementation of 30 so-called Student Performance Criteria (SPCs). Similar to recent improvements to international architectural education, different principles of sustainability have been successfully implemented by the KAAB. This paper identifies eight sustainability-related SPCs that can be utilized to teach sustainability. The analysis of 48 accredited five-year architectural education program curricula in South Korea has revealed which sustainability-related SPCs are addressed each semester. Furthermore, the average number of credits per sustainability-related SPC in different course types, such as theory courses and design studios, has been identified. Theory courses with an emphasis on sustainability education have been defined as sustainability core courses. The results reveal that a majority of existing programs primarily address environmental aspects of sustainability. Furthermore, a sequential course structure analysis elucidates three main curriculum types, with different potential for integrated sustainability education in sustainability core courses and design studios: (i) sustainability core course preceding (high potential); (ii) sustainability core courses and design studio, accompanying (high potential); and (iii) sustainability core course following (low potential).

ACS Style

Sun-Young Rieh; Byung-Yun Lee; Joon-Gul Oh; Thorsten Schuetze; Santiago Porras Álvarez; Kyungsun Lee; Jiyoung Park. Integration of Sustainability into Architectural Education at Accredited Korean Universities. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1121 .

AMA Style

Sun-Young Rieh, Byung-Yun Lee, Joon-Gul Oh, Thorsten Schuetze, Santiago Porras Álvarez, Kyungsun Lee, Jiyoung Park. Integration of Sustainability into Architectural Education at Accredited Korean Universities. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (7):1121.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sun-Young Rieh; Byung-Yun Lee; Joon-Gul Oh; Thorsten Schuetze; Santiago Porras Álvarez; Kyungsun Lee; Jiyoung Park. 2017. "Integration of Sustainability into Architectural Education at Accredited Korean Universities." Sustainability 9, no. 7: 1121.

Journal article
Published: 28 December 2016 in Sustainability
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A main challenge for the design and building of green and smart cities is the redevelopment of existing built environments. This research investigates the usefulness of urban district sustainability evaluation systems in informing and guiding urban redevelopment projects. The German DGNB Urban District (DGNB UD) sustainability assessment and certification system has been chosen among others due to its comprehensive method to evaluate eight awarded projects from the “Re-structuring Seunsangga Citywalk International Competition” organized for Seoul’s downtown redevelopment. The results have been compared with the sustainability assessment of the district status quo and the competition call text, noticing a generic enhancement of sustainability. However, sustainability categories and criteria were not addressed sufficiently by any project in order to meet the integrated and holistic certification requirements of DGNB UD. The findings from this research emphasize the need for integrated assessment and measurements of urban sustainability, beyond projects’ self-promotion emphasizing greening or single sustainability facets. The research findings particularly exemplify how awarded project proposals might still be stuck in a specific, limited framework of sustainability. This paper concludes that balanced sustainability could be achieved by utilization of comprehensive assessment and evaluation systems in the preparation and assessment of plans.

ACS Style

Thorsten Schuetze; Lorenzo Chelleri; June-Hyung Je. Measuring Urban Redevelopment Sustainability: Exploring Challenges from Downtown Seoul. Sustainability 2016, 9, 40 .

AMA Style

Thorsten Schuetze, Lorenzo Chelleri, June-Hyung Je. Measuring Urban Redevelopment Sustainability: Exploring Challenges from Downtown Seoul. Sustainability. 2016; 9 (1):40.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thorsten Schuetze; Lorenzo Chelleri; June-Hyung Je. 2016. "Measuring Urban Redevelopment Sustainability: Exploring Challenges from Downtown Seoul." Sustainability 9, no. 1: 40.

Journal article
Published: 30 December 2015 in Sustainability
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This paper examines the planning paradigm shift related to the contested “urban renaissance” mega-project in Downtown Seoul (Korea). Similar to other global cities, over the last few decades, different mega-projects have been successfully implemented in Seoul. These projects have been considered engines for urban renewals and transformation. This paper builds on the analysis of the failure and re-framing planning strategy for the Green Corridor (GC) mega-project, part of the “Urban Renaissance Master Plan for Downtown Seoul”. The GC case reveals various critical insights for urban sustainability: (i) the current mega-projects’ sustainability fallacy, related to top-down, technocratic densification, and greening practices; and (ii) the untapped potential of Asian traditional and irregular small scale urban patterns, and their related socio-cultural value in addressing the renaissance of the long term urban sustainability. In particular, the discussed research findings point out that urban renaissance enabling sustainability principles requires integrated, small scale, incremental, and adaptive (stepwise) urban planning and design processes that go well beyond general strategies following the so-called “green growth” paradigm.

ACS Style

Thorsten Schuetze; Lorenzo Chelleri. Urban Sustainability Versus Green-Washing—Fallacy and Reality of Urban Regeneration in Downtown Seoul. Sustainability 2015, 8, 33 .

AMA Style

Thorsten Schuetze, Lorenzo Chelleri. Urban Sustainability Versus Green-Washing—Fallacy and Reality of Urban Regeneration in Downtown Seoul. Sustainability. 2015; 8 (1):33.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thorsten Schuetze; Lorenzo Chelleri. 2015. "Urban Sustainability Versus Green-Washing—Fallacy and Reality of Urban Regeneration in Downtown Seoul." Sustainability 8, no. 1: 33.

Journal article
Published: 16 November 2015 in Sustainability
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This paper presents a simulation study to reduce heating and cooling energy demand of a school building in Seoul Metropolitan Area, Korea. The aim of this study was to estimate the impact of passive vs. active approaches on energy savings in buildings using EnergyPlus simulation. By controlling lighting, the energy saving of the original school building design was found most significant, and increased by 32% when the design was improved. It is noteworthy that energy saving potential of each room varies significantly depending on the rooms’ thermal characteristics and orientation. Thus, the analysis of energy saving should be introduced at the individual space level, not at the whole building level. Additionally, the simulation studies should be involved for rational decision-making. Finally, it was concluded that priority should be given to passive building design strategies, such as building orientation, as well as control and utilization of solar radiation. These passive energy saving strategies are related to urban, architectural design, and engineering issues, and are more beneficial in terms of energy savings than active strategies.

ACS Style

Ji Eun Kang; Ki Uhn Ahn; Cheol Soo Park; Thorsten Schuetze. Assessment of Passive vs. Active Strategies for a School Building Design. Sustainability 2015, 7, 15136 -15151.

AMA Style

Ji Eun Kang, Ki Uhn Ahn, Cheol Soo Park, Thorsten Schuetze. Assessment of Passive vs. Active Strategies for a School Building Design. Sustainability. 2015; 7 (11):15136-15151.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ji Eun Kang; Ki Uhn Ahn; Cheol Soo Park; Thorsten Schuetze. 2015. "Assessment of Passive vs. Active Strategies for a School Building Design." Sustainability 7, no. 11: 15136-15151.

Journal article
Published: 19 June 2015 in Energies
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Façades with building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) have the advantage that they can produce renewable electric energy. Compared with conventional façades, BIPV façades have therefore a valuable additional property that can generally contribute to increasing the degree of sustainability of buildings. A holistic assessment system for BIPV façade systems for office and administration buildings was developed in the framework of the project “MULTIELEMENT II” at the Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy and Energy System Technology (IWES) in Kassel, Germany. The aim of this research was a comparison of conventional façade systems with BIPV façade systems regarding different technical, economical, sustainability, and design criteria. This paper discusses the basic conditions for a holistic evaluation of BIPV façades in comparison with conventional façades. A method for the execution of a holistic evaluation and characteristic values for a comparison interpretation of results is presented. Façade systems are evaluated regarding both quantifiable and non-quantifiable properties by means of a Microsoft Excel-based evaluation tool. The tool facilitates the comparison and evaluation of planned or built façades with and without BIPV. The detailed evaluation results aim to facilitate the certification of BIPV façade systems in the framework of sustainable building certification systems such as the German DGNB.

ACS Style

Thorsten Schuetze; Wolfgang Willkomm; Maria Roos. Development of a Holistic Evaluation System for BIPV Façades. Energies 2015, 8, 6135 -6152.

AMA Style

Thorsten Schuetze, Wolfgang Willkomm, Maria Roos. Development of a Holistic Evaluation System for BIPV Façades. Energies. 2015; 8 (6):6135-6152.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thorsten Schuetze; Wolfgang Willkomm; Maria Roos. 2015. "Development of a Holistic Evaluation System for BIPV Façades." Energies 8, no. 6: 6135-6152.

Conference paper
Published: 10 June 2015 in Proceedings of 8th Conference of the International Forum on Urbanism (IFoU)
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A variety of computer-based simulation programs to calculate the energetic behaviour of houses and the use of renewable energies are available. However, these are developed for the detailed design of building physics or engineering design of heating- and solar systems. In many cases, these programs require detailed knowledge and licenses are expensive. A zero or plus energy house in many cases, is a continuation of the Passive House. For this purpose, space and resources need to be provided and the building structure needs to be adjusted. These considerations have to be taken into account early in the building design. The aim of this current study was to develop a concept for an Energy Toolbox. It aims to be a widely-accessible easy-to-use tool to designing Zero Emission Buildings (ZEB) and is based on Microsoft Excel. The building structure design is introduced in the first part of the Energy Toolbox and takes common basic elements in building physics into account. This part determines energy demand for heating and cooling and meets Passive House criteria. In addition, the electrical demand for light and facilities is evaluated in this first part. Climatic parameters are taken into account for calculations of heat transfer coefficient, heat gains and ventilation losses. The calculation tool is designed for three different climates: Sub oceanic cool temperate zone, central Europe, warm temperate sub-tropical zone with Mediterranean wet winters and dry summers, Turkey, and a cold temperate zone with warm, humid summers, South Korea. In those zones, Zurich, Berlin, Istanbul and Seoul have been studied. Necessary climate parameters for solar-radiation, heating and cooling degree days, base temperature and other relevant temperatures for building calculation have been set. Those have a profound influence on the energy needs for heating and cooling. The second part of the Energy Toolbox determines technologies that could be used to cover the energy demand of buildings. These include heat pump systems with different heating and cooling sources (geothermal, outside air and waste water), solar (thermal and photovoltaic) as well as the adiabatic cooling. In addition, technologies and methods that contribute to a reduced energy demand are presented. Green walled buildings, adaptable dynamic lighting and shading devices provide this solution. A possible combination employs three main systems. An air-water heat pump compact system, a brine/ water heat pump system with sewage or geothermal utilization and a solar-thermal system with seasonal storage. All three systems can be supplemented with solar energy and designed in terms of a net zero balance. The energy consumption of the building corresponds to the concept of zero-plus-energy buildings. The second part of the Energy Toolbox is has been described schematically. It is designed such that it can be supplemented with additional technologies in the future.

ACS Style

Max Talmon-Gros; Thorsten Schütze; Christoph Koller; Ranka Junge. Energy Toolbox and Potential for Zero-Emission-Buildings in European and Asian Cities. Proceedings of 8th Conference of the International Forum on Urbanism (IFoU) 2015, 1 .

AMA Style

Max Talmon-Gros, Thorsten Schütze, Christoph Koller, Ranka Junge. Energy Toolbox and Potential for Zero-Emission-Buildings in European and Asian Cities. Proceedings of 8th Conference of the International Forum on Urbanism (IFoU). 2015; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Max Talmon-Gros; Thorsten Schütze; Christoph Koller; Ranka Junge. 2015. "Energy Toolbox and Potential for Zero-Emission-Buildings in European and Asian Cities." Proceedings of 8th Conference of the International Forum on Urbanism (IFoU) , no. : 1.

Conference paper
Published: 10 June 2015 in Proceedings of 8th Conference of the International Forum on Urbanism (IFoU)
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LEED Neighborhood Development (ND) is a sustainable certification rating system for a smart green neighborhood development conceived by the USA. Similarly, DGNB Urban Districts (UD) is a smart green certification rating system conceived by Germany. LEED-ND has set a standard for the smart green urban practices particularly in the USA and DGNB-UD has set a standard for the smart green practices particularly in Germany. However both sustainable district certification systems are applied also internationally to a growing extent. The comparative analysis in the LEED-ND and DGNB-UD identifies both common and different elements of the two smart green planning standards. This paper aims to analyze pros and cons of both LEED and DGNB district rating systems. The paper analyzes the credit categories, criteria, their weighting and overall method and process of each system, thereby articulating significance of each certification system. The paper discusses potential role of the rating methodology, process and country-specific aspects. In addition, the paper also addresses the potential role of both systems to function as a planning help for the design, realization, operation and maintenance of smart and green urban districts, and for the achievement of excellent rankings. Both rating systems address certification and rating criteria comprehensively from the very beginning in the design and planning processes. The comparative analysis of LEED-ND and DGNB-UD will highlight common and different elements of both smart green urban district certification rating systems.

ACS Style

Joongwon Lee; Jiyoung Park; Thorsten Schuetze. Comparative Analysis of LEED-ND & DGNB-UD Rating System. Proceedings of 8th Conference of the International Forum on Urbanism (IFoU) 2015, 1 .

AMA Style

Joongwon Lee, Jiyoung Park, Thorsten Schuetze. Comparative Analysis of LEED-ND & DGNB-UD Rating System. Proceedings of 8th Conference of the International Forum on Urbanism (IFoU). 2015; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joongwon Lee; Jiyoung Park; Thorsten Schuetze. 2015. "Comparative Analysis of LEED-ND & DGNB-UD Rating System." Proceedings of 8th Conference of the International Forum on Urbanism (IFoU) , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 27 April 2015 in Sustainability
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The operation of so-called Zero Emission Buildings (ZEB) does not result in harmful emissions to water, soil and air. In contrast, ZEBs produce energy, water and resources. Therefore, the definition of ZEBs in this paper goes well beyond the definition of (Net) Zero Energy Buildings, which focuses primarily on greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels. The concept of ZEB is based on the decentralization of urban infrastructure systems on the building level. The aim is to avoid environmental impacts during the building operation through sustainable production, management, consumption, and recycling of resources. In order to facilitate an easy evaluation of ZEBs a ZEB assessment tool needed to be developed. This paper discusses the development of the general framework, the assessment method, and the ZEB Assessment Tool (ZEBAT), which facilitates the evaluation of the environmental performance of potential ZEBs. The exemplary evaluation of selected case studies from Switzerland and South Korea illustrates the method and the practicability of the ZEBAT for the evaluation of potential ZEBs. The holistic integration of environmental performance factors and their specific environmental impacts facilitates the successful application of the ZEBAT independently from the specific use of a building and its geographical location.

ACS Style

Devi Bühler; Thorsten Schuetze; Ranka Junge. Towards Development of a Label for Zero Emission Buildings: A Tool to Evaluate Potential Zero Emission Buildings. Sustainability 2015, 7, 5071 -5093.

AMA Style

Devi Bühler, Thorsten Schuetze, Ranka Junge. Towards Development of a Label for Zero Emission Buildings: A Tool to Evaluate Potential Zero Emission Buildings. Sustainability. 2015; 7 (5):5071-5093.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Devi Bühler; Thorsten Schuetze; Ranka Junge. 2015. "Towards Development of a Label for Zero Emission Buildings: A Tool to Evaluate Potential Zero Emission Buildings." Sustainability 7, no. 5: 5071-5093.

Journal article
Published: 06 March 2015 in Sustainability
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This paper discusses the history, status quo, and future prospects of Zero Emission Buildings (ZEBs) in the Republic of Korea. The advantages of, and requirements for ZEBs are described, concerning the factors of energy, water, nutrients, and biomass. ZEBs are characterized by net zero energy consumption through the minimization of the energy demand, as well as the onsite production and use of renewable energy. The direct water footprint is reduced by up to 100% through on-site water supply and wastewater management according to the principles of Sustainable Sanitation. The fresh water demand is reduced by using water saving technologies and by recycling of wastewater. Rainwater harvesting, utilization, and infiltration facilitates for onsite drinking water production. Nutrients and biomass from sanitation systems are recycled for local soil application. While traditional Korean buildings can be generally regarded as ZEBs, traditional know-how has been overlooked in the process of modernization and implementation of centralized infrastructure systems in the 20th century. However, the growing interest in sustainability issues in Korea since the beginning of the 21st century is reflected in a growing number of research and development activities, including the design, construction, and operation of ZEBs. The widespread implementation of ZEBs would significantly contribute to sustainable development in the Republic of Korea.

ACS Style

Thorsten Schuetze. Zero Emission Buildings in Korea—History, Status Quo, and Future Prospects. Sustainability 2015, 7, 2745 -2767.

AMA Style

Thorsten Schuetze. Zero Emission Buildings in Korea—History, Status Quo, and Future Prospects. Sustainability. 2015; 7 (3):2745-2767.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thorsten Schuetze. 2015. "Zero Emission Buildings in Korea—History, Status Quo, and Future Prospects." Sustainability 7, no. 3: 2745-2767.

Journal article
Published: 12 February 2015 in Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali
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The present study analyses the spatial distribution of urban settlements and residential swimming pools on the southern fringe of a large Mediterranean city (Rome, Italy) characterized by a mixed urban–rural landscape dominated by the forest of Castelporziano, one of the best preserved example of coastal flat oak wood in central Italy. Pool density was considered as a proxy for dispersed urbanization negatively impacting natural ecosystems at the local scale. We assess occurrence, frequency and dispersion of residential swimming pools as an indicator of urban sprawl around relict forest patches. A total of 6,336 swimming pools (29.4 % of total swimming pools found in Rome’s province concentrated in 19.6 % of the total surface area) were surveyed in coastal Rome (1,048 km2). The distribution of pools is spatially heterogeneous and reflects a mixed landscape structure alternating forests, cropland and human settlements with different density and compactness degree. Swimming pools concentrated in a few hotspots, especially in the western side of Castelporziano forest (Casalpalocco and Castelfusano districts) and along the coast (in Pomezia and Ardea municipalities), with a potentially higher pressure on forest ecosystem. The proposed approach based on spatial analysis proved to be effective in the study of latent landscape changes at the urban–wildland interface. Swimming pools are considered a reliable ‘sprawl’ landmark identifying dispersed settlements and indirectly quantifying the anthropogenic impact on fringe forests.

ACS Style

Ilaria Zambon; Alberto Sabbi; Thorsten Schuetze; Luca Salvati. Exploring forest ‘fringescapes’: urban growth, society and swimming pools as a sprawl landmark in coastal Rome. Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali 2015, 26, 159 -168.

AMA Style

Ilaria Zambon, Alberto Sabbi, Thorsten Schuetze, Luca Salvati. Exploring forest ‘fringescapes’: urban growth, society and swimming pools as a sprawl landmark in coastal Rome. Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali. 2015; 26 (2):159-168.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ilaria Zambon; Alberto Sabbi; Thorsten Schuetze; Luca Salvati. 2015. "Exploring forest ‘fringescapes’: urban growth, society and swimming pools as a sprawl landmark in coastal Rome." Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali 26, no. 2: 159-168.