Carrier-based aircraft (CBA) landing involves complex system engineering characterized by strong non-linearity, significant coupling and susceptibility to environmental disturbances. To address uncertainties in parameters, carrier air-wake disturbances and other challenges inherent to CBA landing, this paper presents a longitudinal automatic landing system based on adaptive fuzzy sliding-mode control. This system was developed to improve control accuracy and stability during the critical landing phase. Furthermore, this paper analyzes components of carrier air-wake and motion conditions for ideal landing points on the carrier deck, and designs a sliding-mode surface with the integral term. An adaptive fuzzy sliding-mode controller based on equivalent and switching controls is constructed, which exhibits stability under the Lyapunov stability condition. Moreover, a Monte Carlo simulation method is employed to verify the simulation of the automatic landing control system. Owing to its impressive dynamic performance and robustness, the proposed control method can track expected values with high accuracy in a complex environment, thereby satisfying the CBA landing requirements.