Pure Ni₁₂P₅/SiO₂ and pure Ni₂P/SiO₂ catalysts were obtained by adjusting the Ni and P molar ratios, while Ni/SiO₂ catalyst was prepared as a reference against which the deoxygenation pathways of palmitic acid were investigated. The catalysts were characterized by N₂ adsorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission election microscopy (TEM), infrared spectroscopy of pyridine adsorption (Py-IR), H₂-adsorption and temperature-programmed desorption of hydrogen (H₂-TPD). The crystallographic planes of Ni(111), Ni₁₂P₅(400), Ni₂P(111) were found mainly exposed on the above three catalysts, respectively. It was found that the deoxygenation pathway of palmitic acid mainly proceeded via direct decarboxylation (DCO₂) to form C15 on Ni/SiO₂. In contrast, on the Ni₁₂P₅/SiO₂ catalyst, there were two main competitive pathways producing C15 and C16, one of which mainly proceeded via the decarbonylation (DCO) to form C15 accompanying water formation, and the other pathway produced C16 via the dehydration of hexadecanol intermediate, and the yield of C15 was approximately twofold that of C16. Over the Ni₂P/SiO₂ catalyst, two main deoxygenation pathways formed C15, one of which was mainly the DCO pathway and the other was dehydration accompanying the hexadecanal intermediate and then direct decarbonylation without water formation. The turn over frequency (TOF) followed the order: Ni₁₂P₅/SiO₂ > Ni/SiO₂ > Ni₂P/SiO₂.

The crystal structure has a great influence on mechanical sensitivity and detonation performance of energetic materials. An efficient microfluidic platform was applied for size, morphology, and crystallinity controllable preparation of ultrafine HMX. The microfluidic platform has good mixing performance, quick response, and less reagent consumption. The ultrafine γ-HMX was first prepared at room temperature by microfluidic strategy, and the crystal type can be controlled accurately by adjusting the process parameters. With the increase in flow ratio, the particle size decreases gradually, and the crystal type changed from β-HMX to γ-HMX. Thermal behavior of ultrafine HMX shows that γ→δ is easier than β→δ, and the phase stability of HMX is β > γ > δ. Furthermore, the ultrafine β-HMX has higher thermal stability and energy release efficiency than that of raw HMX. The ultrafine HMX prepared by microfluidic not only has uniform morphology and narrow particle size distribution, but also exhibits high density and low sensitivity. This study provides a safe, facile, and efficient way of controlling particle size, morphology, and crystallinity of ultrafine HMX.

Cavitating jet impingement is a key phenomenon in marine and ocean engineering that is responsible for cavitation-induced material erosion while also being harnessed for surface treatment applications. However, decoupling these concurrent effects is challenging since hydrodynamic jet pressure, microjet impacts, and shockwave emissions often coincide in space and time, making it difficult to isolate their individual contributions. To address this challenge, this review surveys recent advances in measurement techniques designed to decouple these overlapping effects. It highlights multi-source synchronous measurement methods, such as high-speed optical imaging and broadband piezoelectric pressure sensing combined with advanced signal and image processing, to capture mechanism-specific signatures. The review treats mechanism decoupling as a linked task of mechanism identification, mechanism attribution, and contribution quantification and synthesizes the literature under distinct criteria, such as energy, peak pressure, and damage dominance. It shows that synchronized multi-source diagnostics improve attribution reliability but that true quantitative decoupling remains limited by configuration dependence, inconsistent normalization, and a lack of benchmark evaluation criteria.