Silver–bismuth composite-modified electrodes enhanced Cr²⁺/Cr³⁺ electrochemical activity and reversibility while suppressing hydrogen evolution. As anodes in Fe–Cr flow batteries, they improved its capacity, energy efficiency, and stability.

In this study, a simple and easy synthesis strategy to realize the modification of AuHgPt nanoalloy materials on the surface of ITO glass at room temperature is presented. Gold nanoparticles as templates were obtained by electrochemical deposition, mercury was introduced as an intermediate to form an amalgam, and then a galvanic replacement reaction was utilized to successfully prepare gold–mercury–platinum (AuHgPt) nanoalloys. The obtained alloys were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, UV–Vis spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. The electrochemical sensing performance of the AuHgPt-modified electrode for hydrogen peroxide was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. Under light conditions, the AuHgPt-modified electrode exhibited a desirable current response in the detection of hydrogen peroxide due to the synergistic effect of the localized surface plasmon resonance effect inherent in gold nanoparticles, and this synergistic effect improved the sensitivity of hydrogen peroxide detection. Meanwhile, the AuHgPt-modified electrode also exhibited better stability and reproducibility, which makes the modified electrode have great potential for various applications in the field of electrochemical sensing.

In recent years, flow batteries have emerged as a crucial technological solution for large-scale energy storage, leveraging their unique power-capacity decoupling characteristics and long cycle life to demonstrate significant potential in applications such as renewable energy integration and grid frequency regulation. Based on differences in electrolyte systems, mainstream flow battery technologies are primarily categorized into three types: all-vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs), iron-chromium redox flow batteries (ICFBs), and zinc-based redox flow batteries (ZRFBs). However, each of these technologies faces critical challenges in practical commercialization: VRFBs are constrained by cost pressures due to fluctuations in vanadium resource prices and relatively low energy efficiency; ICFBs require urgent solutions to issues such as hydrogen evolution side reactions at the negative electrode and the sluggish kinetic responses of the Cr³⁺/Cr²⁺ redox couple; while ZRFBs grapple with safety concerns such as zinc dendrite growth and morphology instability. To overcome these technical bottlenecks, extensive innovative research has been conducted in key materials (electrodes, ion-exchange membranes, electrolytes). Against this backdrop, this paper systematically reviews recent advances in the modification and optimization of flow battery technologies and conducts an extended discussion on the emerging organic redox flow batteries in recent years.