This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of calcium and vitamin D deficiency in school children aged 6 to 11 years in Lviv (Ukraine). The aim of this study was also to assess the effect of nutritional intervention and supplementation on serum calcium and vitamin D levels in children diagnosed with calcium deficiency. A 3 day diet was analyzed in 172 children. In 56 children with a deficiency of calcium and/or vitamin D, the level of total calcium, ionized calcium, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in blood, as well as the calcium content in hair samples, was determined. Thirty children with confirmed calcium and/or vitamin D deficiency underwent a dietary intervention to increase calcium and vitamin D intake for 3 months. The study group (n = 15) was provided with a nutritional correction by modifying their diet with supplementation of calcium and vitamin D. The control group (n = 15) received only a diet modification. Decreased daily calcium intake was observed in 50.68% of boys and 70.71% of girls. A decreased level of daily vitamin D consumption was found in 84.93% of boys and 96.97% of girls. Among 56 children with insufficient daily consumption of calcium and/or vitamin D, 26.8% had reduced levels of total calcium in the blood, 16.1% had reduced levels of ionized calcium in the blood, and 48.2% had reduced levels of vitamin D. After 3 months of correction, normal calcium level was found in the hair of 10 students (66.7%) from the study group and in three subjects (20.0%) from the control group. Modification of the diet along with supplementation of calcium and vitamin D seems to be a more effective method for increasing the level of calcium among children aged 6 to 11 years.

Overweight and obesity, as well as underweight in children and adolescents, pose a significant public health issue. This study aimed to investigate the secular trend of the incidence of underweight, overweight, and obesity in children from Ukraine in 2013/2014 and 2018/2019. The studies were conducted in randomly selected primary and secondary schools in Ukraine. In total, 13,447 children (6468 boys and 6979 girls) participated in the study in 2013/2014 and 18,144 children (8717 boys and 9427 girls) participated in 2018/2019. Measurements of body weight and height were performed in triplicate. Underweight, overweight, and obesity were diagnosed according to the standards of the World Health Organization (WHO). In the group of girls, a significant difference between 2013/2014 and 2018/2019 measurements was found only among 7-year-olds. The percentage of girls at this age exceeding the body mass index (BMI) norm was lower in the 2018/2019 study. In boys, a significant difference was also found in 7-year-olds, and, as in girls, a lower share of overweight and obesity was found in 2018/2019. But for the ages of 12, 13, and 15, the significant differences had a different character—more overweight or obese boys were found in the 2018/2019 study. The proportion of underweight children was similar for the majority of age groups in both genders and did not differ in a statistically significant way.

Background/Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine the frequency of occurrence of a significant health problem—abdominal obesity (AO)—in children and adolescents with intellectual disability (ID) compared to children and adolescents without disabilities, examined in the period 2013–2014. Methods: The study group included 568 students with various ID degrees (n = 265 mild; n = 249 moderate; n = 54 severe) (age range 7–18 years) attending care and educational facilities. The comparison group (non-ID) was randomly selected based on the principle of matching the group (age and sex) among students without ID. Anthropometric measurements were taken: waist circumference (WC), height, and body mass. To classify WC and BMI values, percentile charts developed within the OLAF project were used. Analyses were performed using the independence chi-square test, odds ratio (95% confidence interval) and logistic regression for multivariate analysis. The level of significance was assumed as α = 0.05. Results: The prevalence of AO in the ID group was not statistically significant (OR = 1.31; p = 0.056). The risk in the study group was significantly higher in the older age category (OR = 1.88; p < 0.001) and increased with the level of intellectual disability, amounting (OR = 3.71; p < 0.001) to moderate ID and (OR = 5.62; p < 0.001) for profound ID, respectively. Conclusions: Consideration should be given to the extension of preventive and therapeutic measures to defined subgroups of children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities, who are particularly vulnerable to AO.