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In March 2021, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by four families (Aliusviridae, Crepuscuviridae, Myriaviridae, and Natareviridae), three subfamilies (Alpharhabdovirinae, Betarhabdovirinae, and Gammarhabdovirinae), 42 genera, and 200 species. Thirty-nine species were renamed and/or moved and seven species were abolished. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV.
Jens H. Kuhn; Scott Adkins; Bernard R. Agwanda; Rim Al Kubrusli; Sergey V. Alkhovsky; Gaya K. Amarasinghe; Tatjana Avšič-Županc; María A. Ayllón; Justin Bahl; Anne Balkema-Buschmann; Matthew J. Ballinger; Christopher F. Basler; Sina Bavari; Martin Beer; Nicolas Bejerman; Andrew J. Bennett; Dennis A. Bente; Éric Bergeron; Brian H. Bird; Carol D. Blair; Kim R. Blasdell; Dag-Ragnar Blystad; Jamie Bojko; Wayne B. Borth; Steven Bradfute; Rachel Breyta; Thomas Briese; Paul A. Brown; Judith K. Brown; Ursula J. Buchholz; Michael J. Buchmeier; Alexander Bukreyev; Felicity Burt; Carmen Büttner; Charles H. Calisher; Mengji Cao; Inmaculada Casas; Kartik Chandran; Rémi N. Charrel; Qi Cheng; Yuya Chiaki; Marco Chiapello; Il-Ryong Choi; Marina Ciuffo; J. Christopher S. Clegg; Ian Crozier; Elena Dal Bó; Juan Carlos de la Torre; Xavier de Lamballerie; Rik L. de Swart; Humberto Debat; Nolwenn M. Dheilly; Emiliano Di Cicco; Nicholas Di Paola; Francesco Di Serio; Ralf G. Dietzgen; Michele Digiaro; Olga Dolnik; Michael A. Drebot; J. Felix Drexler; William G. Dundon; W. Paul Duprex; Ralf Dürrwald; John M. Dye; Andrew J. Easton; Hideki Ebihara; Toufic Elbeaino; Koray Ergünay; Hugh W. Ferguson; Anthony R. Fooks; Marco Forgia; Pierre B. H. Formenty; Jana Fránová; Juliana Freitas-Astúa; Jingjing Fu; Stephanie Fürl; Selma Gago-Zachert; George Fú Gāo; María Laura García; Adolfo García-Sastre; Aura R. Garrison; Thomas Gaskin; Jean-Paul J. Gonzalez; Anthony Griffiths; Tony L. Goldberg; Martin H. Groschup; Stephan Günther; Roy A. Hall; John Hammond; Tong Han; Jussi Hepojoki; Roger Hewson; Jiang Hong; Ni Hong; Seiji Hongo; Masayuki Horie; John S. Hu; Tao Hu; Holly R. Hughes; Florian Hüttner; Timothy H. Hyndman; M. Ilyas; Risto Jalkanen; Dàohóng Jiāng; Gilda B. Jonson; Sandra Junglen; Fujio Kadono; Karia H. Kaukinen; Michael Kawate; Boris Klempa; Jonas Klingström; Gary Kobinger; Igor Koloniuk; Hideki Kondō; Eugene V. Koonin; Mart Krupovic; Kenji Kubota; Gael Kurath; Lies Laenen; Amy J. Lambert; Stanley L. Langevin; Benhur Lee; Elliot J. Lefkowitz; Eric M. Leroy; Shaorong Li; Longhui Li; Jiànróng Lǐ; Huazhen Liu; Igor S. Lukashevich; Piet Maes; William Marciel de Souza; Marco Marklewitz; Sergio H. Marshall; Shin-Yi L. Marzano; Sebastien Massart; John W. McCauley; Michael Melzer; Nicole Mielke-Ehret; Kristina M. Miller; Tobi J. Ming; Ali Mirazimi; Gideon J. Mordecai; Hans-Peter Mühlbach; Elke Mühlberger; Rayapati Naidu; Tomohide Natsuaki; José A. Navarro; Sergey V. Netesov; Gabriele Neumann; Norbert Nowotny; Márcio R. T. Nunes; Alejandro Olmedo-Velarde; Gustavo Palacios; Vicente Pallás; Bernadett Pályi; Anna Papa; Sofia Paraskevopoulou; Adam C. Park; Colin R. Parrish; David A. Patterson; Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa; Janusz T. Pawęska; Susan Payne; Carlotta Peracchio; Daniel R. Pérez; Thomas S. Postler; Liying Qi; Sheli R. Radoshitzky; Renato O. Resende; Carina A. Reyes; Bertus K. Rima; Gabriel Robles Luna; Víctor Romanowski; Paul Rota; Dennis Rubbenstroth; Luisa Rubino; Jonathan A. Runstadler; Sead Sabanadzovic; Amadou Alpha Sall; Maria S. Salvato; Rosemary Sang; Takahide Sasaya; Angela D. Schulze; Martin Schwemmle; Mang Shi; Xiǎohóng Shí; Zhènglì Shí; Yoshifumi Shimomoto; Yukio Shirako; Stuart G. Siddell; Peter Simmonds; Manuela Sironi; Guy Smagghe; Sophie Smither; Jin-Won Song; Kirsten Spann; Jessica R. Spengler; Mark D. Stenglein; David M. Stone; Jari Sugano; Curtis A. Suttle; Amy Tabata; Ayato Takada; Shigeharu Takeuchi; David P. Tchouassi; Amy Teffer; Robert B. Tesh; Natalie J. Thornburg; Yasuhiro Tomitaka; Keizō Tomonaga; Noël Tordo; Baldwyn Torto; Jonathan S. Towner; Shinya Tsuda; Changchun Tu; Massimo Turina; Ioannis E. Tzanetakis; Janice Uchida; Tomio Usugi; Anna Maria Vaira; Marta Vallino; Bernadette Van Den Hoogen; Arvind Varsani; Nikos Vasilakis; Martin Verbeek; Susanne von Bargen; Jiro Wada; Victoria Wahl; Peter J. Walker; Lin-Fa Wang; Guoping Wang; Yanxiang Wang; Yaqin Wang; Muhammad Waqas; Tàiyún Wèi; Shaohua Wen; Anna E. Whitfield; John V. Williams; Yuri I. Wolf; Jiangxiang Wu; Lei Xu; Hironobu Yanagisawa; Caixia Yang; Zuokun Yang; F. Murilo Zerbini; Lifeng Zhai; Yong-Zhen Zhang; Song Zhang; Jinguo Zhang; Zhe Zhang; Xueping Zhou. 2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales. Archives of Virology 2021, 1 -54.
AMA StyleJens H. Kuhn, Scott Adkins, Bernard R. Agwanda, Rim Al Kubrusli, Sergey V. Alkhovsky, Gaya K. Amarasinghe, Tatjana Avšič-Županc, María A. Ayllón, Justin Bahl, Anne Balkema-Buschmann, Matthew J. Ballinger, Christopher F. Basler, Sina Bavari, Martin Beer, Nicolas Bejerman, Andrew J. Bennett, Dennis A. Bente, Éric Bergeron, Brian H. Bird, Carol D. Blair, Kim R. Blasdell, Dag-Ragnar Blystad, Jamie Bojko, Wayne B. Borth, Steven Bradfute, Rachel Breyta, Thomas Briese, Paul A. Brown, Judith K. Brown, Ursula J. Buchholz, Michael J. Buchmeier, Alexander Bukreyev, Felicity Burt, Carmen Büttner, Charles H. Calisher, Mengji Cao, Inmaculada Casas, Kartik Chandran, Rémi N. Charrel, Qi Cheng, Yuya Chiaki, Marco Chiapello, Il-Ryong Choi, Marina Ciuffo, J. Christopher S. Clegg, Ian Crozier, Elena Dal Bó, Juan Carlos de la Torre, Xavier de Lamballerie, Rik L. de Swart, Humberto Debat, Nolwenn M. Dheilly, Emiliano Di Cicco, Nicholas Di Paola, Francesco Di Serio, Ralf G. Dietzgen, Michele Digiaro, Olga Dolnik, Michael A. Drebot, J. Felix Drexler, William G. Dundon, W. Paul Duprex, Ralf Dürrwald, John M. Dye, Andrew J. Easton, Hideki Ebihara, Toufic Elbeaino, Koray Ergünay, Hugh W. Ferguson, Anthony R. Fooks, Marco Forgia, Pierre B. H. Formenty, Jana Fránová, Juliana Freitas-Astúa, Jingjing Fu, Stephanie Fürl, Selma Gago-Zachert, George Fú Gāo, María Laura García, Adolfo García-Sastre, Aura R. Garrison, Thomas Gaskin, Jean-Paul J. Gonzalez, Anthony Griffiths, Tony L. Goldberg, Martin H. Groschup, Stephan Günther, Roy A. Hall, John Hammond, Tong Han, Jussi Hepojoki, Roger Hewson, Jiang Hong, Ni Hong, Seiji Hongo, Masayuki Horie, John S. Hu, Tao Hu, Holly R. Hughes, Florian Hüttner, Timothy H. Hyndman, M. Ilyas, Risto Jalkanen, Dàohóng Jiāng, Gilda B. Jonson, Sandra Junglen, Fujio Kadono, Karia H. Kaukinen, Michael Kawate, Boris Klempa, Jonas Klingström, Gary Kobinger, Igor Koloniuk, Hideki Kondō, Eugene V. Koonin, Mart Krupovic, Kenji Kubota, Gael Kurath, Lies Laenen, Amy J. Lambert, Stanley L. Langevin, Benhur Lee, Elliot J. Lefkowitz, Eric M. Leroy, Shaorong Li, Longhui Li, Jiànróng Lǐ, Huazhen Liu, Igor S. Lukashevich, Piet Maes, William Marciel de Souza, Marco Marklewitz, Sergio H. Marshall, Shin-Yi L. Marzano, Sebastien Massart, John W. McCauley, Michael Melzer, Nicole Mielke-Ehret, Kristina M. Miller, Tobi J. Ming, Ali Mirazimi, Gideon J. Mordecai, Hans-Peter Mühlbach, Elke Mühlberger, Rayapati Naidu, Tomohide Natsuaki, José A. Navarro, Sergey V. Netesov, Gabriele Neumann, Norbert Nowotny, Márcio R. T. Nunes, Alejandro Olmedo-Velarde, Gustavo Palacios, Vicente Pallás, Bernadett Pályi, Anna Papa, Sofia Paraskevopoulou, Adam C. Park, Colin R. Parrish, David A. Patterson, Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa, Janusz T. Pawęska, Susan Payne, Carlotta Peracchio, Daniel R. Pérez, Thomas S. Postler, Liying Qi, Sheli R. Radoshitzky, Renato O. Resende, Carina A. Reyes, Bertus K. Rima, Gabriel Robles Luna, Víctor Romanowski, Paul Rota, Dennis Rubbenstroth, Luisa Rubino, Jonathan A. Runstadler, Sead Sabanadzovic, Amadou Alpha Sall, Maria S. Salvato, Rosemary Sang, Takahide Sasaya, Angela D. Schulze, Martin Schwemmle, Mang Shi, Xiǎohóng Shí, Zhènglì Shí, Yoshifumi Shimomoto, Yukio Shirako, Stuart G. Siddell, Peter Simmonds, Manuela Sironi, Guy Smagghe, Sophie Smither, Jin-Won Song, Kirsten Spann, Jessica R. Spengler, Mark D. Stenglein, David M. Stone, Jari Sugano, Curtis A. Suttle, Amy Tabata, Ayato Takada, Shigeharu Takeuchi, David P. Tchouassi, Amy Teffer, Robert B. Tesh, Natalie J. Thornburg, Yasuhiro Tomitaka, Keizō Tomonaga, Noël Tordo, Baldwyn Torto, Jonathan S. Towner, Shinya Tsuda, Changchun Tu, Massimo Turina, Ioannis E. Tzanetakis, Janice Uchida, Tomio Usugi, Anna Maria Vaira, Marta Vallino, Bernadette Van Den Hoogen, Arvind Varsani, Nikos Vasilakis, Martin Verbeek, Susanne von Bargen, Jiro Wada, Victoria Wahl, Peter J. Walker, Lin-Fa Wang, Guoping Wang, Yanxiang Wang, Yaqin Wang, Muhammad Waqas, Tàiyún Wèi, Shaohua Wen, Anna E. Whitfield, John V. Williams, Yuri I. Wolf, Jiangxiang Wu, Lei Xu, Hironobu Yanagisawa, Caixia Yang, Zuokun Yang, F. Murilo Zerbini, Lifeng Zhai, Yong-Zhen Zhang, Song Zhang, Jinguo Zhang, Zhe Zhang, Xueping Zhou. 2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales. Archives of Virology. 2021; ():1-54.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJens H. Kuhn; Scott Adkins; Bernard R. Agwanda; Rim Al Kubrusli; Sergey V. Alkhovsky; Gaya K. Amarasinghe; Tatjana Avšič-Županc; María A. Ayllón; Justin Bahl; Anne Balkema-Buschmann; Matthew J. Ballinger; Christopher F. Basler; Sina Bavari; Martin Beer; Nicolas Bejerman; Andrew J. Bennett; Dennis A. Bente; Éric Bergeron; Brian H. Bird; Carol D. Blair; Kim R. Blasdell; Dag-Ragnar Blystad; Jamie Bojko; Wayne B. Borth; Steven Bradfute; Rachel Breyta; Thomas Briese; Paul A. Brown; Judith K. Brown; Ursula J. Buchholz; Michael J. Buchmeier; Alexander Bukreyev; Felicity Burt; Carmen Büttner; Charles H. Calisher; Mengji Cao; Inmaculada Casas; Kartik Chandran; Rémi N. Charrel; Qi Cheng; Yuya Chiaki; Marco Chiapello; Il-Ryong Choi; Marina Ciuffo; J. Christopher S. Clegg; Ian Crozier; Elena Dal Bó; Juan Carlos de la Torre; Xavier de Lamballerie; Rik L. de Swart; Humberto Debat; Nolwenn M. Dheilly; Emiliano Di Cicco; Nicholas Di Paola; Francesco Di Serio; Ralf G. Dietzgen; Michele Digiaro; Olga Dolnik; Michael A. Drebot; J. Felix Drexler; William G. Dundon; W. Paul Duprex; Ralf Dürrwald; John M. Dye; Andrew J. Easton; Hideki Ebihara; Toufic Elbeaino; Koray Ergünay; Hugh W. Ferguson; Anthony R. Fooks; Marco Forgia; Pierre B. H. Formenty; Jana Fránová; Juliana Freitas-Astúa; Jingjing Fu; Stephanie Fürl; Selma Gago-Zachert; George Fú Gāo; María Laura García; Adolfo García-Sastre; Aura R. Garrison; Thomas Gaskin; Jean-Paul J. Gonzalez; Anthony Griffiths; Tony L. Goldberg; Martin H. Groschup; Stephan Günther; Roy A. Hall; John Hammond; Tong Han; Jussi Hepojoki; Roger Hewson; Jiang Hong; Ni Hong; Seiji Hongo; Masayuki Horie; John S. Hu; Tao Hu; Holly R. Hughes; Florian Hüttner; Timothy H. Hyndman; M. Ilyas; Risto Jalkanen; Dàohóng Jiāng; Gilda B. Jonson; Sandra Junglen; Fujio Kadono; Karia H. Kaukinen; Michael Kawate; Boris Klempa; Jonas Klingström; Gary Kobinger; Igor Koloniuk; Hideki Kondō; Eugene V. Koonin; Mart Krupovic; Kenji Kubota; Gael Kurath; Lies Laenen; Amy J. Lambert; Stanley L. Langevin; Benhur Lee; Elliot J. Lefkowitz; Eric M. Leroy; Shaorong Li; Longhui Li; Jiànróng Lǐ; Huazhen Liu; Igor S. Lukashevich; Piet Maes; William Marciel de Souza; Marco Marklewitz; Sergio H. Marshall; Shin-Yi L. Marzano; Sebastien Massart; John W. McCauley; Michael Melzer; Nicole Mielke-Ehret; Kristina M. Miller; Tobi J. Ming; Ali Mirazimi; Gideon J. Mordecai; Hans-Peter Mühlbach; Elke Mühlberger; Rayapati Naidu; Tomohide Natsuaki; José A. Navarro; Sergey V. Netesov; Gabriele Neumann; Norbert Nowotny; Márcio R. T. Nunes; Alejandro Olmedo-Velarde; Gustavo Palacios; Vicente Pallás; Bernadett Pályi; Anna Papa; Sofia Paraskevopoulou; Adam C. Park; Colin R. Parrish; David A. Patterson; Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa; Janusz T. Pawęska; Susan Payne; Carlotta Peracchio; Daniel R. Pérez; Thomas S. Postler; Liying Qi; Sheli R. Radoshitzky; Renato O. Resende; Carina A. Reyes; Bertus K. Rima; Gabriel Robles Luna; Víctor Romanowski; Paul Rota; Dennis Rubbenstroth; Luisa Rubino; Jonathan A. Runstadler; Sead Sabanadzovic; Amadou Alpha Sall; Maria S. Salvato; Rosemary Sang; Takahide Sasaya; Angela D. Schulze; Martin Schwemmle; Mang Shi; Xiǎohóng Shí; Zhènglì Shí; Yoshifumi Shimomoto; Yukio Shirako; Stuart G. Siddell; Peter Simmonds; Manuela Sironi; Guy Smagghe; Sophie Smither; Jin-Won Song; Kirsten Spann; Jessica R. Spengler; Mark D. Stenglein; David M. Stone; Jari Sugano; Curtis A. Suttle; Amy Tabata; Ayato Takada; Shigeharu Takeuchi; David P. Tchouassi; Amy Teffer; Robert B. Tesh; Natalie J. Thornburg; Yasuhiro Tomitaka; Keizō Tomonaga; Noël Tordo; Baldwyn Torto; Jonathan S. Towner; Shinya Tsuda; Changchun Tu; Massimo Turina; Ioannis E. Tzanetakis; Janice Uchida; Tomio Usugi; Anna Maria Vaira; Marta Vallino; Bernadette Van Den Hoogen; Arvind Varsani; Nikos Vasilakis; Martin Verbeek; Susanne von Bargen; Jiro Wada; Victoria Wahl; Peter J. Walker; Lin-Fa Wang; Guoping Wang; Yanxiang Wang; Yaqin Wang; Muhammad Waqas; Tàiyún Wèi; Shaohua Wen; Anna E. Whitfield; John V. Williams; Yuri I. Wolf; Jiangxiang Wu; Lei Xu; Hironobu Yanagisawa; Caixia Yang; Zuokun Yang; F. Murilo Zerbini; Lifeng Zhai; Yong-Zhen Zhang; Song Zhang; Jinguo Zhang; Zhe Zhang; Xueping Zhou. 2021. "2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales." Archives of Virology , no. : 1-54.
Since its first discovery by Arnold Theiler in 1918, serum hepatitis also known as Theiler’s disease has been reported worldwide, causing idiopathic acute hepatitis and liver failure in horses. Recent studies have suggested a novel parvovirus, named equine parvovirus hepatitis (EqPV-H), to be associated with Theiler’s disease. Despite the severity and potential fatality of EqPV-H infection, little is known about the possibility of developing chronic infections and putative cross-species infection of equine sister species. In the present longitudinal study, we employed qPCR analysis, serology, and biochemical testing as well as pathology examination of liver biopsies and sequence analysis to investigate potential chronic EqPV-H infection in an isolated study cohort of in total 124 horses from Germany over five years (2013–2018). Importantly, our data suggest that EqPV-H viremia can become chronic in infected horses that do not show biochemical and pathological signs of liver disease. Phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood model also confirms high sequence similarity and nucleotide conservation of the multidomain nuclear phosphoprotein NS1 sequences from equine serum samples collected between 2013–2018. Moreover, by examining human, zebra, and donkey sera for the presence of EqPV-H DNA and VP1 capsid protein antibodies, we found evidence for cross-species infection in donkey, but not to human and zebra. In conclusion, this study provides proof for the occurrence of persistent EqPV-H infection in asymptomatic horses and cross-species EqPV-H detection in donkeys.
Birthe Reinecke; Mara Klöhn; Yannick Brüggemann; Volker Kinast; Daniel Todt; Alexander Stang; Marcha Badenhorst; Katja Koeppel; Alan Guthrie; Ursula Groner; Christina Puff; Madeleine de le Roi; Wolfgang Baumgärtner; Jessika-M. Cavalleri; Eike Steinmann. Clinical Course of Infection and Cross-Species Detection of Equine Parvovirus-Hepatitis. Viruses 2021, 13, 1454 .
AMA StyleBirthe Reinecke, Mara Klöhn, Yannick Brüggemann, Volker Kinast, Daniel Todt, Alexander Stang, Marcha Badenhorst, Katja Koeppel, Alan Guthrie, Ursula Groner, Christina Puff, Madeleine de le Roi, Wolfgang Baumgärtner, Jessika-M. Cavalleri, Eike Steinmann. Clinical Course of Infection and Cross-Species Detection of Equine Parvovirus-Hepatitis. Viruses. 2021; 13 (8):1454.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBirthe Reinecke; Mara Klöhn; Yannick Brüggemann; Volker Kinast; Daniel Todt; Alexander Stang; Marcha Badenhorst; Katja Koeppel; Alan Guthrie; Ursula Groner; Christina Puff; Madeleine de le Roi; Wolfgang Baumgärtner; Jessika-M. Cavalleri; Eike Steinmann. 2021. "Clinical Course of Infection and Cross-Species Detection of Equine Parvovirus-Hepatitis." Viruses 13, no. 8: 1454.
The viral family Coronaviridae comprises four genera, termed Alpha-, Beta-, Gamma-, and Deltacoronavirus. Recombination events have been described in many coronaviruses infecting humans and other animals. However, formal analysis of the recombination patterns, both in terms of the involved genome regions and the extent of genetic divergence between partners, are scarce. Common methods of recombination detection based on phylogenetic incongruences (e.g., a phylogenetic compatibility matrix) may fail in cases where too many events diminish the phylogenetic signal. Thus, an approach comparing genetic distances in distinct genome regions (pairwise distance deviation matrix) was set up. In alpha, beta, and delta-coronaviruses, a low incidence of recombination between closely related viruses was evident in all genome regions, but it was more extensive between the spike gene and other genome regions. In contrast, avian gammacoronaviruses recombined extensively and exist as a global cloud of genes with poorly corresponding genetic distances in different parts of the genome. Spike, but not other structural proteins, was most commonly exchanged between coronaviruses. Recombination patterns differed between coronavirus genera and corresponded to the modular structure of the spike: recombination traces were more pronounced between spike domains (N-terminal and C-terminal parts of S1 and S2) than within domains. The variability of possible recombination events and their uneven distribution over the genome suggest that compatibility of genes, rather than mechanistic or ecological limitations, shapes recombination patterns in coronaviruses.
Yulia Vakulenko; Andrei Deviatkin; Jan Drexler; Alexander Lukashev. Modular Evolution of Coronavirus Genomes. Viruses 2021, 13, 1270 .
AMA StyleYulia Vakulenko, Andrei Deviatkin, Jan Drexler, Alexander Lukashev. Modular Evolution of Coronavirus Genomes. Viruses. 2021; 13 (7):1270.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYulia Vakulenko; Andrei Deviatkin; Jan Drexler; Alexander Lukashev. 2021. "Modular Evolution of Coronavirus Genomes." Viruses 13, no. 7: 1270.
The development of new diagnostic methods resulted in the discovery of novel hepaciviruses in wild populations of the bank vole (Myodes glareolus, syn. Clethrionomys glareolus). The naturally infected voles demonstrate signs of hepatitis similar to those induced by hepatitis C virus (HCV) in humans. The aim of the present research was to investigate the geographical distribution of bank vole-associated hepaciviruses (BvHVs) and their genetic diversity in Europe. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) screening revealed BvHV RNA in 442 out of 1838 (24.0%) bank voles from nine European countries and in one of seven northern red-backed voles (Myodes rutilus, syn. Clethrionomys rutilus). BvHV RNA was not found in any other small mammal species (n = 23) tested here. Phylogenetic and isolation-by-distance analyses confirmed the occurrence of both BvHV species (Hepacivirus F and Hepacivirus J) and their sympatric occurrence at several trapping sites in two countries. The broad geographical distribution of BvHVs across Europe was associated with their presence in bank voles of different evolutionary lineages. The extensive geographical distribution and high levels of genetic diversity of BvHVs, as well as the high population fluctuations of bank voles and occasional commensalism in some parts of Europe warrant future studies on the zoonotic potential of BvHVs.
Julia Schneider; Bernd Hoffmann; Cristina Fevola; Marie Schmidt; Christian Imholt; Stefan Fischer; Frauke Ecke; Birger Hörnfeldt; Magnus Magnusson; Gert Olsson; Annapaola Rizzoli; Valentina Tagliapietra; Mario Chiari; Chantal Reusken; Elena Bužan; Maria Kazimirova; Michal Stanko; Thomas White; Daniela Reil; Anna Obiegala; Anna Meredith; Jan Drexler; Sandra Essbauer; Heikki Henttonen; Jens Jacob; Heidi Hauffe; Martin Beer; Gerald Heckel; Rainer Ulrich. Geographical Distribution and Genetic Diversity of Bank Vole Hepaciviruses in Europe. Viruses 2021, 13, 1258 .
AMA StyleJulia Schneider, Bernd Hoffmann, Cristina Fevola, Marie Schmidt, Christian Imholt, Stefan Fischer, Frauke Ecke, Birger Hörnfeldt, Magnus Magnusson, Gert Olsson, Annapaola Rizzoli, Valentina Tagliapietra, Mario Chiari, Chantal Reusken, Elena Bužan, Maria Kazimirova, Michal Stanko, Thomas White, Daniela Reil, Anna Obiegala, Anna Meredith, Jan Drexler, Sandra Essbauer, Heikki Henttonen, Jens Jacob, Heidi Hauffe, Martin Beer, Gerald Heckel, Rainer Ulrich. Geographical Distribution and Genetic Diversity of Bank Vole Hepaciviruses in Europe. Viruses. 2021; 13 (7):1258.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJulia Schneider; Bernd Hoffmann; Cristina Fevola; Marie Schmidt; Christian Imholt; Stefan Fischer; Frauke Ecke; Birger Hörnfeldt; Magnus Magnusson; Gert Olsson; Annapaola Rizzoli; Valentina Tagliapietra; Mario Chiari; Chantal Reusken; Elena Bužan; Maria Kazimirova; Michal Stanko; Thomas White; Daniela Reil; Anna Obiegala; Anna Meredith; Jan Drexler; Sandra Essbauer; Heikki Henttonen; Jens Jacob; Heidi Hauffe; Martin Beer; Gerald Heckel; Rainer Ulrich. 2021. "Geographical Distribution and Genetic Diversity of Bank Vole Hepaciviruses in Europe." Viruses 13, no. 7: 1258.
SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VoC) show reduced neutralization by vaccine-induced and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. We tested therapeutic equine polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) against four VoC (alpha, beta, epsilon and gamma). We show that equine pAbs efficiently neutralize VoC, suggesting they are an effective, broad coverage, low-cost and a scalable COVID-19 treatment.
Andres Moreira-Soto; Mauricio Arguedas; Hebleen Brenes; Willem Buján; Eugenia Corrales-Aguilar; Cecilia Díaz; Ann Echeverri; Marietta Flores-Díaz; Aarón Gómez; Andrés Hernández; María Herrera; Guillermo León; Román Macaya; Arne Khüne; Jose Arturo Molina-Mora; Javier Mora; Alfredo Sanabria; Andrés Sánchez; Laura Sánchez; Álvaro Segura; Eduardo Segura; Daniela Solano; Claudio Soto; Jennifer L. Stynoski; Mariangela Vargas; Mauren Villalta; Chantal B E M Reusken; Christian Drosten; José María Gutiérrez; Alberto Alape-Girón; Jan Felix Drexler. High efficacy of therapeutic equine hyperimmune antibodies against SARS CoV-2 variants of concern. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleAndres Moreira-Soto, Mauricio Arguedas, Hebleen Brenes, Willem Buján, Eugenia Corrales-Aguilar, Cecilia Díaz, Ann Echeverri, Marietta Flores-Díaz, Aarón Gómez, Andrés Hernández, María Herrera, Guillermo León, Román Macaya, Arne Khüne, Jose Arturo Molina-Mora, Javier Mora, Alfredo Sanabria, Andrés Sánchez, Laura Sánchez, Álvaro Segura, Eduardo Segura, Daniela Solano, Claudio Soto, Jennifer L. Stynoski, Mariangela Vargas, Mauren Villalta, Chantal B E M Reusken, Christian Drosten, José María Gutiérrez, Alberto Alape-Girón, Jan Felix Drexler. High efficacy of therapeutic equine hyperimmune antibodies against SARS CoV-2 variants of concern. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndres Moreira-Soto; Mauricio Arguedas; Hebleen Brenes; Willem Buján; Eugenia Corrales-Aguilar; Cecilia Díaz; Ann Echeverri; Marietta Flores-Díaz; Aarón Gómez; Andrés Hernández; María Herrera; Guillermo León; Román Macaya; Arne Khüne; Jose Arturo Molina-Mora; Javier Mora; Alfredo Sanabria; Andrés Sánchez; Laura Sánchez; Álvaro Segura; Eduardo Segura; Daniela Solano; Claudio Soto; Jennifer L. Stynoski; Mariangela Vargas; Mauren Villalta; Chantal B E M Reusken; Christian Drosten; José María Gutiérrez; Alberto Alape-Girón; Jan Felix Drexler. 2021. "High efficacy of therapeutic equine hyperimmune antibodies against SARS CoV-2 variants of concern." , no. : 1.
Background Appropriate laboratory diagnostics for emerging arboviruses are key for patient management, surveillance, and intervention, including molecular tests and serologic tests detecting viral antigen or virus-specific antibodies. Objectives We provide an overview of the challenges towards serologic testing for the most important emerging arboviruses, including Zika (ZIKV), dengue (DENV), and chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Sources:We retrieved a dataset on performance of commercially available antibody- and antigen-detecting tests from 89 peer-reviewed articles conducting a systematic literature research in PubMed. Content We identified commonly used antibody- and antigen-detecting tests and analysed their overall performance. We discuss how timing of serologic testing and usage of paired samples from acute and convalescence phases of infection is crucial to optimize diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. We then exemplify how serologic diagnostics are challenged by the patient's infection history through the ‘original antigenic sin' and cross-reactive antibodies in the context of global co-circulation of antigenically related viruses. We highlight how individual infection histories with different arboviruses and with other pathogens such as herpes viruses and Plasmodia can afford inaccurate test results. We show that rapid tests for antibody and antigen detection have a significantly lower sensitivity compared to laboratory-based tests such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. We show that the performance of antibody- and antigen-detecting tests varies greatly between regions of endemic transmission and non-endemic regions. Finally, we highlight that test sensitivity and specificity have to be equilibrated carefully and frequently either of them must be prioritized over the other, depending on disease prevalence and intended use of tests. Implications:For reliable serologic diagnostics, it is essential to be aware of inherent test limitations. Although multiplexed testing and testing of convalescence samples can improve diagnostic performance, global spread of (re-)emerging viruses requires careful implementation and evaluation of serologic testing and unambiguous results may not always be achievable.
Carlo Fischer; Wendy K. Jo; Verena Haage; Andrés Moreira-Soto; Edmilson Ferreira de Oliveira-Filho; Jan Felix Drexler. Challenges towards serologic diagnostics of emerging arboviruses. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleCarlo Fischer, Wendy K. Jo, Verena Haage, Andrés Moreira-Soto, Edmilson Ferreira de Oliveira-Filho, Jan Felix Drexler. Challenges towards serologic diagnostics of emerging arboviruses. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarlo Fischer; Wendy K. Jo; Verena Haage; Andrés Moreira-Soto; Edmilson Ferreira de Oliveira-Filho; Jan Felix Drexler. 2021. "Challenges towards serologic diagnostics of emerging arboviruses." Clinical Microbiology and Infection , no. : 1.
Characterisation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) genetic diversity through space and time can reveal trends in virus importation and domestic circulation and permit the exploration of questions regarding the early transmission dynamics. Here, we present a detailed description of SARS-CoV-2 genomic epidemiology in Ecuador, one of the hardest hit countries during the early stages of the coronavirus-19 pandemic. We generated and analysed 160 whole genome sequences sampled from all provinces of Ecuador in 2020. Molecular clock and phylogeographic analysis of these sequences in the context of global SARS-CoV-2 diversity enable us to identify and characterise individual transmission lineages within Ecuador, explore their spatiotemporal distributions, and consider their introduction and domestic circulation. Our results reveal a pattern of multiple international importations across the country, with apparent differences between key provinces. Transmission lineages were mostly introduced before the implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions, with differential degrees of persistence and national dissemination.
Bernardo Gutierrez; Sully Márquez; Belén Prado-Vivar; Mónica Becerra-Wong; Juan José Guadalupe; Darlan Da Silva Candido; Juan Carlos Fernandez-Cadena; Gabriel Morey-Leon; Rubén Armas-Gonzalez; Derly Madeleiny Andrade-Molina; Alfredo Bruno; Domenica De Mora; Maritza Olmedo; Denisse Portugal; Manuel Gonzalez; Alberto Orlando; Jan Felix Drexler; Andres Moreira-Soto; Anna-Lena Sander; Sebastian Brünink; Arne Kühne; Leandro Patiño; Andrés Carrazco-Montalvo; Orson Mestanza; Jeannete Zurita; Gabriela Sevillano; Louis Du Plessis; John T McCrone; Josefina Coloma; Gabriel Trueba; Verónica Barragán; Patricio Rojas-Silva; Michelle Grunauer; Moritz U G Kraemer; Nuno R Faria; Marina Escalera-Zamudio; Oliver G Pybus; Paúl Cárdenas. Genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 transmission lineages in Ecuador. Virus Evolution 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleBernardo Gutierrez, Sully Márquez, Belén Prado-Vivar, Mónica Becerra-Wong, Juan José Guadalupe, Darlan Da Silva Candido, Juan Carlos Fernandez-Cadena, Gabriel Morey-Leon, Rubén Armas-Gonzalez, Derly Madeleiny Andrade-Molina, Alfredo Bruno, Domenica De Mora, Maritza Olmedo, Denisse Portugal, Manuel Gonzalez, Alberto Orlando, Jan Felix Drexler, Andres Moreira-Soto, Anna-Lena Sander, Sebastian Brünink, Arne Kühne, Leandro Patiño, Andrés Carrazco-Montalvo, Orson Mestanza, Jeannete Zurita, Gabriela Sevillano, Louis Du Plessis, John T McCrone, Josefina Coloma, Gabriel Trueba, Verónica Barragán, Patricio Rojas-Silva, Michelle Grunauer, Moritz U G Kraemer, Nuno R Faria, Marina Escalera-Zamudio, Oliver G Pybus, Paúl Cárdenas. Genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 transmission lineages in Ecuador. Virus Evolution. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBernardo Gutierrez; Sully Márquez; Belén Prado-Vivar; Mónica Becerra-Wong; Juan José Guadalupe; Darlan Da Silva Candido; Juan Carlos Fernandez-Cadena; Gabriel Morey-Leon; Rubén Armas-Gonzalez; Derly Madeleiny Andrade-Molina; Alfredo Bruno; Domenica De Mora; Maritza Olmedo; Denisse Portugal; Manuel Gonzalez; Alberto Orlando; Jan Felix Drexler; Andres Moreira-Soto; Anna-Lena Sander; Sebastian Brünink; Arne Kühne; Leandro Patiño; Andrés Carrazco-Montalvo; Orson Mestanza; Jeannete Zurita; Gabriela Sevillano; Louis Du Plessis; John T McCrone; Josefina Coloma; Gabriel Trueba; Verónica Barragán; Patricio Rojas-Silva; Michelle Grunauer; Moritz U G Kraemer; Nuno R Faria; Marina Escalera-Zamudio; Oliver G Pybus; Paúl Cárdenas. 2021. "Genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 transmission lineages in Ecuador." Virus Evolution , no. : 1.
Acute HCV infections are often asymptomatic and therefore frequently undiagnosed. We endeavored to recreate this understudied phase of HCV infection using explanted PHHs and monitored host responses to initial infection.
Birthe Tegtmeyer; Gabrielle Vieyres; Daniel Todt; Chris Lauber; Corinne Ginkel; Michael Engelmann; Maike Herrmann; Christian K. Pfaller; Florian W. R. Vondran; Ruth Broering; Ehsan Vafadarnejad; Antoine-Emmanuel Saliba; Christina Puff; Wolfgang Baumgärtner; Csaba Miskey; Zoltán Ivics; Eike Steinmann; Thomas Pietschmann; Richard J. P. Brown. Initial Hepatitis C Virus Infection of Adult Hepatocytes Triggers a Temporally Structured Transcriptional Program Containing Diverse Pro- and Antiviral Elements. Journal of Virology 2021, 95, 1 .
AMA StyleBirthe Tegtmeyer, Gabrielle Vieyres, Daniel Todt, Chris Lauber, Corinne Ginkel, Michael Engelmann, Maike Herrmann, Christian K. Pfaller, Florian W. R. Vondran, Ruth Broering, Ehsan Vafadarnejad, Antoine-Emmanuel Saliba, Christina Puff, Wolfgang Baumgärtner, Csaba Miskey, Zoltán Ivics, Eike Steinmann, Thomas Pietschmann, Richard J. P. Brown. Initial Hepatitis C Virus Infection of Adult Hepatocytes Triggers a Temporally Structured Transcriptional Program Containing Diverse Pro- and Antiviral Elements. Journal of Virology. 2021; 95 (10):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBirthe Tegtmeyer; Gabrielle Vieyres; Daniel Todt; Chris Lauber; Corinne Ginkel; Michael Engelmann; Maike Herrmann; Christian K. Pfaller; Florian W. R. Vondran; Ruth Broering; Ehsan Vafadarnejad; Antoine-Emmanuel Saliba; Christina Puff; Wolfgang Baumgärtner; Csaba Miskey; Zoltán Ivics; Eike Steinmann; Thomas Pietschmann; Richard J. P. Brown. 2021. "Initial Hepatitis C Virus Infection of Adult Hepatocytes Triggers a Temporally Structured Transcriptional Program Containing Diverse Pro- and Antiviral Elements." Journal of Virology 95, no. 10: 1.
Genome sequencing is a key strategy in the surveillance of SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. Latin America is the hardest-hit region of the world, accumulating almost 20% of COVID-19 cases worldwide. In Costa Rica, from the first detected case on March 6th to December 31st almost 170,000 cases have been reported. We analyzed the genomic variability during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Costa Rica using 185 sequences, 52 from the first months of the pandemic, and 133 from the current wave. Three GISAID clades (G, GH, and GR) and three PANGOLIN lineages (B.1, B.1.1, and B.1.291) were predominant, suggesting multiple re-introductions from other regions. The whole-genome variant calling analysis identified a total of 283 distinct nucleotide variants, following a power-law distribution with 190 single nucleotide mutations in a single sequence, and only 16 mutations were found in >5% sequences. These mutations were distributed through the whole genome. The prevalence of worldwide-found variant D614G in the Spike (98.9% in Costa Rica), ORF8 L84S (1.1%) is similar to what is found elsewhere. Interestingly, the frequency of mutation T1117I in the Spike has increased during the current pandemic wave beginning in May 2020 in Costa Rica, reaching 29.2% detection in the full genome analyses in November 2020. This variant has been observed in less than 1% of the GISAID reported sequences worldwide in 2020. Structural modeling of the Spike protein with the T1117I mutation suggests a potential effect on the viral oligomerization needed for cell infection, but no differences with other genomes on transmissibility, severity nor vaccine effectiveness are predicted. In conclusion, genome analyses of the SARS-CoV-2 sequences over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic in Costa Rica suggest the introduction of lineages from other countries and the detection of mutations in line with other studies, but pointing out the local increase in the detection of Spike-T1117I variant. The genomic features of this virus need to be monitored and studied in further analyses as part of the surveillance program during the pandemic.
Jose Arturo Molina-Mora; Estela Cordero-Laurent; Adriana Godínez; Melany Calderón-Osorno; Hebleen Brenes; Claudio Soto-Garita; Cristian Pérez-Corrales; Jan Felix Drexler; Andres Moreira-Soto; Eugenia Corrales-Aguilar; Francisco Duarte-Martínez. SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance in Costa Rica: Evidence of a divergent population and an increased detection of a spike T1117I mutation. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 2021, 92, 104872 -104872.
AMA StyleJose Arturo Molina-Mora, Estela Cordero-Laurent, Adriana Godínez, Melany Calderón-Osorno, Hebleen Brenes, Claudio Soto-Garita, Cristian Pérez-Corrales, Jan Felix Drexler, Andres Moreira-Soto, Eugenia Corrales-Aguilar, Francisco Duarte-Martínez. SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance in Costa Rica: Evidence of a divergent population and an increased detection of a spike T1117I mutation. Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 2021; 92 ():104872-104872.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJose Arturo Molina-Mora; Estela Cordero-Laurent; Adriana Godínez; Melany Calderón-Osorno; Hebleen Brenes; Claudio Soto-Garita; Cristian Pérez-Corrales; Jan Felix Drexler; Andres Moreira-Soto; Eugenia Corrales-Aguilar; Francisco Duarte-Martínez. 2021. "SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance in Costa Rica: Evidence of a divergent population and an increased detection of a spike T1117I mutation." Infection, Genetics and Evolution 92, no. : 104872-104872.
Characterisation of SARS-CoV-2 genetic diversity through space and time can reveal trends in virus importation and domestic circulation, and permit the exploration of questions regarding the early transmission dynamics. Here we present a detailed description of SARS-CoV-2 genomic epidemiology in Ecuador, one of the hardest hit countries during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. We generate and analyse 160 whole genome sequences sampled from all provinces of Ecuador in 2020. Molecular clock and phylgeographic analysis of these sequences in the context of global SARS-CoV-2 diversity enable us to identify and characterise individual transmission lineages within Ecuador, explore their spatiotemporal distributions, and consider their introduction and domestic circulation. Our results reveal a pattern of multiple international importations across the country, with apparent differences between key provinces. Transmission lineages were mostly introduced before the implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), with differential degrees of persistence and national dissemination.
Bernardo Gutierrez; Sully Marquez; Belen Prado-Vivar; Monica Becerra-Wong; Juan Jose Guadalupe; Darlan Da Silva Candido; Juan Carlos Fernandez-Cadena; Gabriel Morey-Leon; Ruben Armas-Gonzalez; Derly Madeleiny Andrade-Molina; Alfredo Bruno; Domenica de Mora; Maritza Olmedo; Denisse Portugal; Manuel Gonzalez; Alberto Orlando; Jan Felix Drexler; Andres Moreira-Soto; Anna-Lena Sander; Sebastian Brunink; Arne Kuhne; Leandro Patino; Andres Carrazco-Montalvo; Orson Mestanza; Jeannete Zurita; Gabriela Sevillano; Louis du Plessis; John T. McCrone; Josefina Coloma; Gabriel Trueba; Veronica Barragan; Patricio Rojas-Silva; Michelle Grunauer; Moritz U.G. Kraemer; Nuno R. Faria; Marina Escalera-Zamudio; Oliver G. Pybus; Paul Cardenas. Genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 transmission lineages in Ecuador. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleBernardo Gutierrez, Sully Marquez, Belen Prado-Vivar, Monica Becerra-Wong, Juan Jose Guadalupe, Darlan Da Silva Candido, Juan Carlos Fernandez-Cadena, Gabriel Morey-Leon, Ruben Armas-Gonzalez, Derly Madeleiny Andrade-Molina, Alfredo Bruno, Domenica de Mora, Maritza Olmedo, Denisse Portugal, Manuel Gonzalez, Alberto Orlando, Jan Felix Drexler, Andres Moreira-Soto, Anna-Lena Sander, Sebastian Brunink, Arne Kuhne, Leandro Patino, Andres Carrazco-Montalvo, Orson Mestanza, Jeannete Zurita, Gabriela Sevillano, Louis du Plessis, John T. McCrone, Josefina Coloma, Gabriel Trueba, Veronica Barragan, Patricio Rojas-Silva, Michelle Grunauer, Moritz U.G. Kraemer, Nuno R. Faria, Marina Escalera-Zamudio, Oliver G. Pybus, Paul Cardenas. Genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 transmission lineages in Ecuador. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBernardo Gutierrez; Sully Marquez; Belen Prado-Vivar; Monica Becerra-Wong; Juan Jose Guadalupe; Darlan Da Silva Candido; Juan Carlos Fernandez-Cadena; Gabriel Morey-Leon; Ruben Armas-Gonzalez; Derly Madeleiny Andrade-Molina; Alfredo Bruno; Domenica de Mora; Maritza Olmedo; Denisse Portugal; Manuel Gonzalez; Alberto Orlando; Jan Felix Drexler; Andres Moreira-Soto; Anna-Lena Sander; Sebastian Brunink; Arne Kuhne; Leandro Patino; Andres Carrazco-Montalvo; Orson Mestanza; Jeannete Zurita; Gabriela Sevillano; Louis du Plessis; John T. McCrone; Josefina Coloma; Gabriel Trueba; Veronica Barragan; Patricio Rojas-Silva; Michelle Grunauer; Moritz U.G. Kraemer; Nuno R. Faria; Marina Escalera-Zamudio; Oliver G. Pybus; Paul Cardenas. 2021. "Genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 transmission lineages in Ecuador." , no. : 1.
Although essential for control strategies, knowledge about transmission cycles is limited for Venezuelan equine encephalitis complex alphaviruses (VEEVs). After testing 1,398 bats from French Guiana for alphaviruses, we identified and isolated a new strain of the encephalitogenic VEEV species Tonate virus (TONV). Bats may contribute to TONV spread in Latin America.
Carlo Fischer; Dominique Pontier; Ondine Filippi-Codaccioni; Jean-Batiste Pons; Ignacio Postigo-Hidalgo; Jeanne Duhayer; Sebastian Brünink; Jan Felix Drexler. Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Complex Alphavirus in Bats, French Guiana. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2021, 27, 1141 -1145.
AMA StyleCarlo Fischer, Dominique Pontier, Ondine Filippi-Codaccioni, Jean-Batiste Pons, Ignacio Postigo-Hidalgo, Jeanne Duhayer, Sebastian Brünink, Jan Felix Drexler. Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Complex Alphavirus in Bats, French Guiana. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2021; 27 (4):1141-1145.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarlo Fischer; Dominique Pontier; Ondine Filippi-Codaccioni; Jean-Batiste Pons; Ignacio Postigo-Hidalgo; Jeanne Duhayer; Sebastian Brünink; Jan Felix Drexler. 2021. "Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Complex Alphavirus in Bats, French Guiana." Emerging Infectious Diseases 27, no. 4: 1141-1145.
Antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic tests (Ag-RDTs) can complement molecular diagnostics for COVID-19. The recommended temperature for storage of SARS-CoV-2 Ag-RDTs ranges between 2−30 °C. In the global South, mean temperatures can exceed 30 °C. In the global North, Ag-RDTs are often used in external testing facilities at low ambient temperatures. We assessed analytical sensitivity and specificity of eleven commercially-available SARS-CoV-2 Ag-RDTs using different storage and operational temperatures, including short- or long-term storage and operation at recommended temperatures or at either 2−4 °C or at 37 °C. The limits of detection of SARS-CoV-2 Ag-RDTs under recommended conditions ranged from 1.0×106- 5.5×107 genome copies/mL of infectious SARS-CoV-2 cell culture supernatant. Despite long-term storage at recommended conditions, 10 min pre-incubation of Ag-RDTs and testing at 37 °C resulted in about ten-fold reduced sensitivity for five out of 11 SARS-CoV-2 Ag-RDTs, including both Ag-RDTs currently listed for emergency use by the World Health Organization. After 3 weeks of storage at 37 °C, eight of the 11 SARS-CoV-2 Ag-RDTs exhibited about ten-fold reduced sensitivity. Specificity of SARS-CoV-2 Ag-RDTs using cell culture supernatant from common respiratory viruses was not affected by storage and testing at 37 °C, whereas false-positive results occurred at outside temperatures of 2−4 °C for two out of six tested Ag-RDTs, again including an Ag-RDT recommended by the WHO. In summary, elevated temperatures impair sensitivity, whereas low temperatures impair specificity of SARS-CoV-2 Ag-RDTs. Consequences may include false-negative test results at clinically relevant virus concentrations compatible with transmission and false-positive results entailing unwarranted quarantine assignments. Storage and operation of SARS-CoV-2 Ag-RDTs at recommended conditions is essential for successful usage during the pandemic.
Verena Haage; Edmilson Ferreira de Oliveira-Filho; Andres Moreira-Soto; Arne Kühne; Carlo Fischer; Jilian A. Sacks; Victor Max Corman; Marcel A. Müller; Christian Drosten; Jan Felix Drexler. Impaired performance of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic tests at elevated and low temperatures. Journal of Clinical Virology 2021, 138, 104796 -104796.
AMA StyleVerena Haage, Edmilson Ferreira de Oliveira-Filho, Andres Moreira-Soto, Arne Kühne, Carlo Fischer, Jilian A. Sacks, Victor Max Corman, Marcel A. Müller, Christian Drosten, Jan Felix Drexler. Impaired performance of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic tests at elevated and low temperatures. Journal of Clinical Virology. 2021; 138 ():104796-104796.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVerena Haage; Edmilson Ferreira de Oliveira-Filho; Andres Moreira-Soto; Arne Kühne; Carlo Fischer; Jilian A. Sacks; Victor Max Corman; Marcel A. Müller; Christian Drosten; Jan Felix Drexler. 2021. "Impaired performance of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic tests at elevated and low temperatures." Journal of Clinical Virology 138, no. : 104796-104796.
Preclinical testing of novel therapeutics for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) requires suitable animal models. Equids host homologs of hepatitis C virus (HCV). Because coinfections of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HCV occur in humans, we screened 2,917 specimens from equids from five continents for HBV. We discovered a distinct HBV species (Equid HBV, EqHBV) in 3.2% of donkeys and zebras by PCR and antibodies against EqHBV in 5.4% of donkeys and zebras. Molecular, histopathological, and biochemical analyses revealed that infection patterns of EqHBV resembled those of HBV in humans, including hepatotropism, moderate liver damage, evolutionary stasis, and potential horizontal virus transmission. Naturally infected donkeys showed chronic infections resembling CHB with high viral loads of up to 2.6 × 109 mean copies per milliliter serum for >6 mo and weak antibody responses. Antibodies against Equid HCV were codetected in 26.5% of donkeys seropositive for EqHBV, corroborating susceptibility to both hepatitis viruses. Deltavirus pseudotypes carrying EqHBV surface proteins were unable to infect human cells via the HBV receptor NTCP (Na+/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide), suggesting alternative viral entry mechanisms. Both HBV and EqHBV deltavirus pseudotypes infected primary horse hepatocytes in vitro, supporting a broad host range for EqHBV among equids and suggesting that horses might be suitable for EqHBV and HBV infections in vivo. Evolutionary analyses suggested that EqHBV originated in Africa several thousand years ago, commensurate with the domestication of donkeys. In sum, EqHBV naturally infects diverse equids and mimics HBV infection patterns. Equids provide a unique opportunity for preclinical testing of novel therapeutics for CHB and to investigate HBV/HCV interplay upon coinfection.
Andrea Rasche; Felix Lehmann; Nora Goldmann; Michael Nagel; Andres Moreira-Soto; Daniel Nobach; Ianei De Oliveira Carneiro; Nikolaus Osterrieder; Alex D. Greenwood; Eike Steinmann; Alexander N. Lukashev; Gerhard Schuler; Dieter Glebe; Jan Felix Drexler; the Equid HBV Consortium. A hepatitis B virus causes chronic infections in equids worldwide. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2021, 118, 1 .
AMA StyleAndrea Rasche, Felix Lehmann, Nora Goldmann, Michael Nagel, Andres Moreira-Soto, Daniel Nobach, Ianei De Oliveira Carneiro, Nikolaus Osterrieder, Alex D. Greenwood, Eike Steinmann, Alexander N. Lukashev, Gerhard Schuler, Dieter Glebe, Jan Felix Drexler, the Equid HBV Consortium. A hepatitis B virus causes chronic infections in equids worldwide. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2021; 118 (13):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrea Rasche; Felix Lehmann; Nora Goldmann; Michael Nagel; Andres Moreira-Soto; Daniel Nobach; Ianei De Oliveira Carneiro; Nikolaus Osterrieder; Alex D. Greenwood; Eike Steinmann; Alexander N. Lukashev; Gerhard Schuler; Dieter Glebe; Jan Felix Drexler; the Equid HBV Consortium. 2021. "A hepatitis B virus causes chronic infections in equids worldwide." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 13: 1.
Background Equine parvovirus‐hepatitis (EqPV‐H) research is in its infancy. Information regarding prevalence, geographical distribution, genetic diversity, pathogenesis, and risk factors enhances understanding of this potentially fatal infection. Objectives Determining prevalence of EqPV‐H in Austrian equids. Investigating factors increasing probability of infection, liver‐associated biochemistry parameters, concurrent equine hepacivirus (EqHV) infection, and phylogenetic analysis of Austrian EqPV‐H variants. Study design Cross‐sectional study. Methods Sera from 259 horses and 13 donkeys in Austria were analysed for anti‐EqPV‐H VP1‐specific antibodies by luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS) and EqPV‐H DNA by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Associations between infection‐status, sex, and age were described. Glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), gamma‐glutamyl transferase (GGT), bile acids, and albumin concentrations were compared between horses with active infection and PCR‐negative horses. PCR targeting partial EqPV‐H NS1 was performed and phylogenetic analysis of Austrian EqPV‐H variants was conducted. Complete coding sequences (CDS) of four Austrian variants were determined by next‐generation sequencing (NGS) and compared to published sequences. Results Horses’ EqPV‐H seroprevalence was 30.1% and DNA prevalence was 8.9%. One horse was co‐infected with EqHV. Significantly higher probability of active EqPV‐H infection was identified in 16‐ to 31‐year‐old horses, compared to 1‐ to 8‐year‐old horses (p=0.002; OR=8.19; 95% CI=1.79 to 37.50) and 9‐ to 15‐year‐old horses (p=0.03; OR=2.96; 95% CI=1.08 to 8.17). Liver‐associated plasma parameters were not significantly different between horses with active infection and controls. Austrian EqPV‐H variants revealed high similarity to sequences worldwide. No evidence of EqPV‐H was detected in donkeys. Main limitations Equids’ inclusion depended upon owner consent. There was only one sampling point per animal and the sample of donkeys was small. Conclusions EqPV‐H antibodies and DNA are frequently detected in Austrian horses, without associated hepatitis in horses with active infection. The risk of active EqPV‐H infection increases with increasing age. Phylogenetic evidence supports close relation of EqPV‐H variants globally, including Austrian variants.
Marcha Badenhorst; Phebe de Heus; Angelika Auer; Birthe Tegtmeyer; Alexander Stang; Katharina Dimmel; Alexander Tichy; Jakub Kubacki; Claudia Bachofen; Eike Steinmann; Jessika M. V. Cavalleri. Active equine parvovirus‐hepatitis infection is most frequently detected in Austrian horses of advanced age. Equine Veterinary Journal 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleMarcha Badenhorst, Phebe de Heus, Angelika Auer, Birthe Tegtmeyer, Alexander Stang, Katharina Dimmel, Alexander Tichy, Jakub Kubacki, Claudia Bachofen, Eike Steinmann, Jessika M. V. Cavalleri. Active equine parvovirus‐hepatitis infection is most frequently detected in Austrian horses of advanced age. Equine Veterinary Journal. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarcha Badenhorst; Phebe de Heus; Angelika Auer; Birthe Tegtmeyer; Alexander Stang; Katharina Dimmel; Alexander Tichy; Jakub Kubacki; Claudia Bachofen; Eike Steinmann; Jessika M. V. Cavalleri. 2021. "Active equine parvovirus‐hepatitis infection is most frequently detected in Austrian horses of advanced age." Equine Veterinary Journal , no. : 1.
Months after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, case numbers from Africa are surprisingly low, potentially because the number of SARS-CoV-2 tests performed in Africa is lower than in other regions. Here, we show an overload of COVID-19-related diagnostics in the central laboratory of Benin, Western Africa, with a stagnating average number of positive samples irrespective of daily sample counts.
Anna-Lena Sander; Anges Yadouleton; Andres Moreira-Soto; Carine Tchibozo; Gildas Hounkanrin; Yvette Badou; Carlo Fischer; Nina Krause; Petas Akogbeto; Edmilson F. De Oliveira Filho; Anges Dossou; Sebastian Brünink; Christian Drosten; Melchior A. Joël Aïssi; Mamoudou Harouna Djingarey; Benjamin Hounkpatin; Michael Nagel; Jan Felix Drexler. An Observational Laboratory-Based Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Molecular Diagnostics in Benin, Western Africa. mSphere 2021, 6, 1 .
AMA StyleAnna-Lena Sander, Anges Yadouleton, Andres Moreira-Soto, Carine Tchibozo, Gildas Hounkanrin, Yvette Badou, Carlo Fischer, Nina Krause, Petas Akogbeto, Edmilson F. De Oliveira Filho, Anges Dossou, Sebastian Brünink, Christian Drosten, Melchior A. Joël Aïssi, Mamoudou Harouna Djingarey, Benjamin Hounkpatin, Michael Nagel, Jan Felix Drexler. An Observational Laboratory-Based Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Molecular Diagnostics in Benin, Western Africa. mSphere. 2021; 6 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnna-Lena Sander; Anges Yadouleton; Andres Moreira-Soto; Carine Tchibozo; Gildas Hounkanrin; Yvette Badou; Carlo Fischer; Nina Krause; Petas Akogbeto; Edmilson F. De Oliveira Filho; Anges Dossou; Sebastian Brünink; Christian Drosten; Melchior A. Joël Aïssi; Mamoudou Harouna Djingarey; Benjamin Hounkpatin; Michael Nagel; Jan Felix Drexler. 2021. "An Observational Laboratory-Based Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Molecular Diagnostics in Benin, Western Africa." mSphere 6, no. 1: 1.
During the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, robust detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a key element for clinical management and to interrupt transmission chains. We organized an external quality assessment (EQA) of molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 for European expert laboratories. An EQA panel composed of 12 samples, containing either SARS-CoV-2 at different concentrations to evaluate sensitivity or other respiratory viruses to evaluate specificity of SARS-CoV-2 testing, was distributed to 68 laboratories in 35 countries.
Carlo Fischer; Ramona Mögling; Angeliki Melidou; Arne Kühne; Edmilson F. Oliveira-Filho; Thorsten Wolff; Janine Reiche; Eeva Broberg; Christian Drosten; Adam Meijer; Katrin Leitmeyer; Jan Felix Drexler; Chantal B. E. M. Reusken. Variable Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 Molecular Detection in European Expert Laboratories: External Quality Assessment, June and July 2020. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2021, 59, 1 .
AMA StyleCarlo Fischer, Ramona Mögling, Angeliki Melidou, Arne Kühne, Edmilson F. Oliveira-Filho, Thorsten Wolff, Janine Reiche, Eeva Broberg, Christian Drosten, Adam Meijer, Katrin Leitmeyer, Jan Felix Drexler, Chantal B. E. M. Reusken. Variable Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 Molecular Detection in European Expert Laboratories: External Quality Assessment, June and July 2020. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2021; 59 (3):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarlo Fischer; Ramona Mögling; Angeliki Melidou; Arne Kühne; Edmilson F. Oliveira-Filho; Thorsten Wolff; Janine Reiche; Eeva Broberg; Christian Drosten; Adam Meijer; Katrin Leitmeyer; Jan Felix Drexler; Chantal B. E. M. Reusken. 2021. "Variable Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 Molecular Detection in European Expert Laboratories: External Quality Assessment, June and July 2020." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 59, no. 3: 1.
Transcriptional profiling provides global snapshots of virus-mediated cellular reprogramming, which can simultaneously encompass pro- and antiviral components. To determine early transcriptional signatures associated with HCV infection of authentic target cells, we performed ex vivo infections of adult primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) from seven donors. Longitudinal sampling identified minimal gene dysregulation at six hours post infection (hpi). In contrast, at 72 hpi, massive increases in the breadth and magnitude of HCV-induced gene dysregulation were apparent, affecting gene classes associated with diverse biological processes. Comparison with HCV-induced transcriptional dysregulation in Huh-7.5 cells identified limited overlap between the two systems. Of note, in PHHs, HCV infection initiated broad upregulation of canonical interferon (IFN)-mediated defense programs, limiting viral RNA replication and abrogating virion release. We further find that constitutive expression of IRF1 in PHHs maintains a steady-state antiviral program in the absence of infection, which can additionally reduce HCV RNA translation and replication. We also detected infection-induced downregulation of ∼90 genes encoding components of the EIF2 translation initiation complex and ribosomal subunits in PHHs, consistent with a signature of translational shutoff. As HCV polyprotein translation occurs independently of the EIF2 complex, this process is likely pro-viral: only translation initiation of host transcripts is arrested. The combination of antiviral intrinsic and inducible immunity, balanced against pro-viral programs, including translational arrest, maintains HCV replication at a low-level in PHHs. This may ultimately keep HCV under the radar of extra-hepatocyte immune surveillance while initial infection is established, promoting tolerance, preventing clearance and facilitating progression to chronicity. IMPORTANCE Acute HCV infections are often asymptomatic and therefore frequently undiagnosed. We endeavored to recreate this understudied phase of HCV infection using explanted PHHs and monitored host responses to initial infection. We detected temporally distinct virus-induced perturbations in the transcriptional landscape, which were initially narrow but massively amplified in breadth and magnitude over time. At 72 hpi, we detected dysregulation of diverse gene programs, concurrently promoting both virus clearance and virus persistence. On the one hand, baseline expression of IRF1 combined with infection-induced upregulation of IFN-mediated effector genes suppresses virus propagation. On the other, we detect transcriptional signatures of host translational inhibition, which likely reduces processing of IFN-regulated gene transcripts and facilitates virus survival. Together, our data provide important insights into constitutive and virus-induced transcriptional programs in PHHs, and identifies simultaneous antagonistic dysregulation of pro-and anti-viral programs which may facilitate host tolerance and promote viral persistence.
Birthe Tegtmeyer; Gabrielle Vieyres; Daniel Todt; Chris Lauber; Corinne Ginkel; Michael Engelmann; Maike Herrmann; Christian K. Pfaller; Florian W. R. Vondran; Ruth Broering; Ehsan Vafadarnejad; Antoine-Emmanuel Saliba; Christina Puff; Wolfgang Baumgärtner; Csaba Miskey; Zoltán Ivics; Eike Steinmann; Thomas Pietschmann; Richard J. P. Brown. Initial HCV infection of adult hepatocytes triggers a temporally structured transcriptional program containing diverse pro- and anti-viral elements. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleBirthe Tegtmeyer, Gabrielle Vieyres, Daniel Todt, Chris Lauber, Corinne Ginkel, Michael Engelmann, Maike Herrmann, Christian K. Pfaller, Florian W. R. Vondran, Ruth Broering, Ehsan Vafadarnejad, Antoine-Emmanuel Saliba, Christina Puff, Wolfgang Baumgärtner, Csaba Miskey, Zoltán Ivics, Eike Steinmann, Thomas Pietschmann, Richard J. P. Brown. Initial HCV infection of adult hepatocytes triggers a temporally structured transcriptional program containing diverse pro- and anti-viral elements. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBirthe Tegtmeyer; Gabrielle Vieyres; Daniel Todt; Chris Lauber; Corinne Ginkel; Michael Engelmann; Maike Herrmann; Christian K. Pfaller; Florian W. R. Vondran; Ruth Broering; Ehsan Vafadarnejad; Antoine-Emmanuel Saliba; Christina Puff; Wolfgang Baumgärtner; Csaba Miskey; Zoltán Ivics; Eike Steinmann; Thomas Pietschmann; Richard J. P. Brown. 2021. "Initial HCV infection of adult hepatocytes triggers a temporally structured transcriptional program containing diverse pro- and anti-viral elements." , no. : 1.
SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic tests (Ag-RDTs) are available within and outside of health care settings to enable increased access to COVID-19 diagnosis. These environments include provisional testing facilities, lacking temperature control; as outside temperatures fall, recommended testing temperatures cannot be guaranteed. We report impaired specificity in two out of six Ag-RDTs when used at 2-4°C, indicating that testing in cold settings might cause false-positive results potentially entailing unwarranted quarantine assignments and incorrect incidence estimates.
Verena Haage; Andres Moreira-Soto; Jilian A. Sacks; Victor Corman; Christian Drosten; Felix Drexler. Limited specificity of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic tests at low temperatures. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleVerena Haage, Andres Moreira-Soto, Jilian A. Sacks, Victor Corman, Christian Drosten, Felix Drexler. Limited specificity of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic tests at low temperatures. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVerena Haage; Andres Moreira-Soto; Jilian A. Sacks; Victor Corman; Christian Drosten; Felix Drexler. 2021. "Limited specificity of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic tests at low temperatures." , no. : 1.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV; genus Hepacivirus) represents a major public health problem, infecting about three per cent of the human population. Because no animal reservoir carrying closely related hepaciviruses has been identified, the zoonotic origins of HCV still remain unresolved. Motivated by recent findings of divergent hepaciviruses in rodents and a plausible African origin of HCV genotypes, we have screened a large collection of small mammals samples from seven sub-Saharan African countries. Out of 4,303 samples screened, eighty were found positive for the presence of hepaciviruses in twenty-nine different host species. We, here, report fifty-six novel genomes that considerably increase the diversity of three divergent rodent hepacivirus lineages. Furthermore, we provide strong evidence for hepacivirus co-infections in rodents, which were exclusively found in four sampled species of brush-furred mice. We also detect evidence of recombination within specific host lineages. Our study expands the available hepacivirus genomic data and contributes insights into the relatively deep evolutionary history of these pathogens in rodents. Overall, our results emphasize the importance of rodents as a potential hepacivirus reservoir and as models for investigating HCV infection dynamics.
Magda Bletsa; Bram Vrancken; Sophie Gryseels; Ine Boonen; Antonios Fikatas; Yiqiao Li; Anne Laudisoit; Sebastian Lequime; Josef Bryja; Rhodes Makundi; Yonas Meheretu; Benjamin Dudu Akaibe; Sylvestre Gambalemoke Mbalitini; Frederik Van de Perre; Natalie Van Houtte; Jana Těšíková; Elke Wollants; Marc Van Ranst; Oliver G Pybus; Jan Felix Drexler; Erik Verheyen; Herwig Leirs; Joelle Gouy de Bellocq; Philippe Lemey. Molecular detection and genomic characterization of diverse hepaciviruses in African rodents. Virus Evolution 2021, 7, veab036 .
AMA StyleMagda Bletsa, Bram Vrancken, Sophie Gryseels, Ine Boonen, Antonios Fikatas, Yiqiao Li, Anne Laudisoit, Sebastian Lequime, Josef Bryja, Rhodes Makundi, Yonas Meheretu, Benjamin Dudu Akaibe, Sylvestre Gambalemoke Mbalitini, Frederik Van de Perre, Natalie Van Houtte, Jana Těšíková, Elke Wollants, Marc Van Ranst, Oliver G Pybus, Jan Felix Drexler, Erik Verheyen, Herwig Leirs, Joelle Gouy de Bellocq, Philippe Lemey. Molecular detection and genomic characterization of diverse hepaciviruses in African rodents. Virus Evolution. 2021; 7 (1):veab036.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMagda Bletsa; Bram Vrancken; Sophie Gryseels; Ine Boonen; Antonios Fikatas; Yiqiao Li; Anne Laudisoit; Sebastian Lequime; Josef Bryja; Rhodes Makundi; Yonas Meheretu; Benjamin Dudu Akaibe; Sylvestre Gambalemoke Mbalitini; Frederik Van de Perre; Natalie Van Houtte; Jana Těšíková; Elke Wollants; Marc Van Ranst; Oliver G Pybus; Jan Felix Drexler; Erik Verheyen; Herwig Leirs; Joelle Gouy de Bellocq; Philippe Lemey. 2021. "Molecular detection and genomic characterization of diverse hepaciviruses in African rodents." Virus Evolution 7, no. 1: veab036.
Community protective immunity can affect RNA virus evolution by selecting for new antigenic variants on the scale of years, exemplified by the need of annual evaluation of influenza vaccines. The extent to which this process termed antigenic drift affects coronaviruses remains unknown. Alike the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), seasonal human coronaviruses (HCoV) likely emerged from animal reservoirs as new human pathogens in the past. We therefore analyzed the long-term evolutionary dynamics of the ubiquitous HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 in comparison with human influenza A virus (IAV) subtype H3N2. We focus on viral glycoprotein genes that mediate viral entry into cells and are major targets of host neutralizing antibody responses. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenies of publicly available gene datasets representing about three decades of HCoV and IAV evolution showed that all viruses had similar ladder-like tree shapes compatible with antigenic drift, supported by different tree shape statistics. Evolutionary rates inferred in a Bayesian framework were 6.5 × 10−4 (95% highest posterior density (HPD), 5.4–7.5 × 10−4) substitutions per site per year (s/s/y) for HCoV-229E spike (S) genes and 5.7 × 10−4 (95% HPD, 5–6.5 × 10−4) s/s/y for HCoV-OC43 S genes, which were about fourfold lower than the 2.5 × 10−3 (95% HPD, 2.3–2.7 × 10−3) s/s/y rate for IAV hemagglutinin (HA) genes. Coronavirus S genes accumulated about threefold less (P < 0.001) non-synonymous mutations (dN) over time than IAV HA genes. In both IAV and HCoV, the average rate of dN within the receptor binding domains (RBD) was about fivefold higher (P < 0.0001) than in other glycoprotein gene regions. Similarly, most sites showing evidence for positive selection occurred within the RBD (HCoV-229E, 6/14 sites, P < 0.05; HCoV-OC43, 23/38 sites, P < 0.01; IAV, 13/15 sites, P = 0.08). In sum, the evolutionary dynamics of HCoV and IAV showed several similarities, yet amino acid changes potentially representing antigenic drift occurred on a lower scale in endemic HCoV compared to IAV. It seems likely that pandemic SARS-CoV-2 evolution will bear similarities with IAV evolution including accumulation of adaptive changes in the RBD, requiring vaccines to be updated regularly, whereas higher SARS-CoV-2 evolutionary stability resembling endemic HCoV can be expected in the post-pandemic stage.
Wendy K Jo; Christian Drosten; Jan Felix Drexler. The evolutionary dynamics of endemic human coronaviruses. Virus Evolution 2021, 7, veab020 .
AMA StyleWendy K Jo, Christian Drosten, Jan Felix Drexler. The evolutionary dynamics of endemic human coronaviruses. Virus Evolution. 2021; 7 (1):veab020.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWendy K Jo; Christian Drosten; Jan Felix Drexler. 2021. "The evolutionary dynamics of endemic human coronaviruses." Virus Evolution 7, no. 1: veab020.