Rust fungi are devastating plant pathogens, and several Puccinia species have exerting substantial financial impacts on global barley cultivation. Fungicides are used on a large scale as an effective method for combating phytopathogenic fungi. The negative environmental impacts of fungicides are steadily escalating on a daily basis. Consequently, researchers are currently exploring alternative approaches to mitigate the use of fungicides, such as the utilization of plant extracts. This method has proven effective due to its incorporation of natural antifungal substances. Among the nine natural elicitors that were tested, the application of plant extracts on barley seedlings resulted in an increase in the incubation and latent periods of Puccinia hordei. These periods are integral components of partial and induced resistance, effectively mitigating the incidence of barley leaf rust disease by over 70% on mature plants. Similarly, the biochemical analyses demonstrated a notable augmentation in all the tested treatments’ overall phenolics and oxidative enzyme activities (peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase). Random amplified polymorphic DNA (SCoT) test serves as a viable approach for assessing the impact of plant extracts and microorganisms on barley plants. The results obtained from this study indicate that the detection of DNA polymorphism through SCoT analysis holds a significant potential powerful tool to evaluate genetic changes compared with untreated plants although some of them tested displayed high similarities at the morphological reaction.

This study explores the intricate relationship between collection sites and the physiological responses of Suaeda monoica in Jeddah, focusing on photosynthetic pigment levels, osmomodulatory compounds, secondary metabolites, antioxidant potential, nutrient content, and heavy metal accumulation. Site (S)1 sample exhibited the highest chlorophylls a and b contents, whereas the S3 sample showed superior carotenoid levels. Osmoregulatory compounds demonstrated significant site-specific variations, with the S3 sample displaying elevated soluble sugar levels and the S1 sample showing heightened levels of soluble proteins and free amino acids. Secondary metabolites, encompassing phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids, exhibited distinct accumulation patterns in samples across sites, with phenols being the most prevalent. In addition, the site samples’ antioxidant potential (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl activity and total antioxidant capacity) varied significantly, with the S1 sample displaying notable antioxidant capacity. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of S. monoica leaf ethanolic extracts revealed significant qualitative and quantitative variances linked to the collection sites, revealing a rich diversity of chemical classes. Site-specific phytoconstituents, such as palmitic and nonanoic acids, and unique compounds, such as 2-thiazolamine, characterized the compositions at different sites, suggesting an environmental influence on phytochemical profiles. Furthermore, nitrogen and phosphorus levels varied significantly across sites and plant organs, with the S1 sample showing elevated nitrogen content in roots and phosphorus content in leaves. Heavy metal accumulation varied markedly between soil, roots, and leaves, emphasizing the phytoremediation potential of S. monoica. Collectively, these results illustrated the versatility and phytoremediation potential of S. monoica with its growth habitat.

The study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial properties and phytochemical composition of root and leaf extracts from four halophytic species in Jeddah governorate, KSA. Various solvents were utilized for extraction, and the impacts of these extracts on four bacterial strains (MSSA, MRSA, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli) and three fungal strains (F. solani, P. duclauxii, and C. albicans) were examined. Results demonstrated varying effectiveness among different extracts and strains. Methanol extracts from root and leaf powders exhibited specific efficacy against limited bacterial and fungal strains. Notably, ethyl acetate extracts from roots displayed potent antibacterial effects against all strains tested. Conversely, hexane and chloroform extracts showed limited or no activity against most strains. The extracts exhibited robust antimicrobial activity against the tested strains at relatively low concentrations (0.60 to 2.00 mg/mL) notably inhibiting P. aeruginosa and F. solani GC-MS analysis showed key components in the studied plants, with C. conglomeratus showing distinct compounds like eleuthoside C and 1-eicosanol, while C. axillare featured docosane and camelliol C in the root and phytol and bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one,5-methyl-5-nitro-,endo in the leaf. Additionally, ethyl acetate extracts exhibited diverse compounds such as vallesamine and nonacosane in S. spinescence and fucoxanthin and 3,4-dihydrothienyl(3,4,b)-5-carboxythiophene in T. nilotica. The varying compositions of root and leaf extracts from each plant species highlighted the prevalence of hydrocarbons and terpenoids. These results suggest the potential of ethyl acetate extracts from these plants as valuable sources of antimicrobial agents, prompting further exploration of their components and potential therapeutic implications.