Background: Brazil has witnessed the co-circulation of dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and chikungunya virus (CHIKV), with outbreaks exacerbated by environmental factors, social determinants, and poor sanitation. The recent re-emergence of Oropouche virus (OROV) has added complexity to vector control strategies, emphasizing the need for integrated approaches to curb arboviruses spread. We aimed to analyze temporal trends and spatial distributions with national scope of these emerging arboviruses. Methods: An ecological study using data from the Brazilian Notifiable Diseases Information System the period from 2023 to 2024 was undertaken. Temporal trends were evaluated using Joinpoint regression, while spatial analysis was conducted using Moran’s I, and local indicators of spatial association. Results: Dengue fever cases increased by 322%, while Oropouche fever (OF) increased by 300%. The states of Amazonas and Espírito Santo reported increases in OF cases. Moran’s I test revealed spatial clustering of DENV and CHIKV. Two municipalities in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul showed cocirculation of DENV, CHIKV, and ZIKV. Conclusions: This study identified a surge in arbovirus cases between 2023 and 2024, with peak incidences from January to March and October to December, linked to favorable climatic conditions. Clustering patterns and co-circulation of arboviruses highlight the need for tailored control and prevention strategies and targeted interventions to mitigate their impact.

Febre amarela é uma doença viral potencialmente grave, transmitida por mosquitos Haemagogus, Aedes e Sabethes. A vacinação é a medida mais importante para a sua prevenção e controle. Neste artigo, analisamos as recomendações de vacinação no Brasil, segundo a epidemiologia da doença nas últimas décadas. Considerando a facilidade de deslocamentos de suscetíveis para áreas de risco, e sua tendência de expansão, é provável que eventualmente todo o país tenha de adotar a vacinação rotineira. Porém, no processo decisório de ampliação da população candidata à vacinação, questões relacionadas à segurança vacinal têm sido destacadas. Apresentamos uma análise dos riscos e benefícios da vacinação e das estratégias para o controle da doença e prevenção da sua urbanização nas regiões onde a vacina ainda não é recomendada. Concluímos que a introdução da vacina contra a febre amarela no calendário de vacinação das crianças é uma estratégia proativa, de mais fácil operacionalização, como resposta ao aumento do número de casos de febre amarela silvestre no Brasil e tentativa de prevenção da reurbanização da doença.

Background/Objectives: In 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) set targets to eliminate viral hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030, seeking a 90% reduction in new chronic infections and a 65% reduction in mortality relative to a 2015 baseline. Despite effective vaccines and potent antivirals, viral hepatitis mortality is rising. This review assessed the global and regional status of, and impediments to, the 2030 HBV elimination goal and compared hepatitis B virus (HBV) with hepatitis C virus (HCV) elimination trajectories. Methods: A scoping review was conducted following the JBI methodology and reported in accordance with PRISMA-ScR. Peer-reviewed literature, global and regional surveillance reports, and grey literature published between 2015 and 2025 were searched across five databases and multiple institutional repositories. Data were charted against WHO impact and service-coverage indicators and mapped across the six WHO regions. Results: Ten core records that met the search criteria were synthesized. Overall, HBV-specific progress is uneven across the care continuum and differs sharply between regions. Routine infant three-dose vaccination (HepB3) reached 84% coverage globally in 2022, with 190/194 (98%) Member States having introduced HepB3, driving HBsAg prevalence below 1% in children under five. However, the timely birth dose (HepB-BD) stagnated at 46% globally and just 14–18% in the African Region, where only a minority of countries offer a universal birth dose. Only 13% of the 254 million people with chronic HBV were diagnosed, and 2.6% were treated. The total viral hepatitis toll increased from 1.1 million (2019) to 1.3 million (2022), with 83% attributed to HBV. Conclusions: HBV elimination is technically feasible but operationally off-track, and progress is regionally inequitable. Effective vaccines make prevention feasible, but current antiviral therapy remains suppressive rather than curative; the principal impediments are the birth-dose gap (most acute in Africa), a collapsed diagnosis–treatment cascade, centralized care, and inadequate domestic financing. Realigning with the 2030 targets requires integrating HBV services into antenatal and primary care, decentralizing testing and treatment through task-sharing, sustained domestic investment, and continued development of curative therapies.