Accurate rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are needed to diagnose lymphatic filariasis (LF) in global elimination programmes. We evaluated the performance of the new STANDARD Q Filariasis Antigen Test (QFAT) against the Bioline Filariasis Test Strip (FTS) for detecting W. bancrofti antigen (Ag) in laboratory conditions, using serum (n = 195) and plasma (n = 189) from LF-endemic areas (Samoa, American Samoa and Myanmar) and Australian negative controls (n = 46). The prior Ag status of endemic samples (54.9% Ag-positive) was determined by rapid test (ICT or FTS) or Og4C3 ELISA. The proportion of samples testing positive at 10 min was similar for QFAT (44.8%) and FTS (41.3%). Concordance between tests was 93.5% (kappa 0.87, n = 417) at 10 min, and it increased to 98.8% (kappa 0.98) at 24 h. The sensitivities of QFAT and FTS at 10 min compared to the prior results were 92% (95% CI 88.0–96.0) and 86% (95% CI 80.0–90.0), respectively, and they increased to 97% and 99% at 24 h. Specificity was 98% for QFAT and 99% for FTS at 10 min. Both tests showed evidence of cross-reaction with Dirofilaria repens and Onchocerca lupi but not with Acanthochilonema reconditum or Cercopithifilaria bainae. Under laboratory conditions, QFAT is a suitable alternative RDT to FTS.

We are entering an exciting time in structural biology where artificial intelligence can be used to predict protein structures with greater accuracy than ever before. Extending this level of accuracy to the predictions of disulfide-rich peptide structures is likely to be more challenging, at least in the short term, given the tight packing of cysteine residues and the numerous ways that the disulfide bonds can potentially be linked. It has been previously shown in many cases that several disulfide bond connectivities can be accommodated by a single set of NMR-derived structural data without significant violations. Disulfide-rich peptides are prevalent throughout nature, and arguably the most well-known are those present in venoms from organisms such as cone snails. Here, we have determined the first three-dimensional structure and disulfide connectivity of a U-superfamily cone snail venom peptide, TxVIIB. TxVIIB has a VI/VII cysteine framework that is generally associated with an inhibitor cystine knot (ICK) fold; however, AlphaFold predicted that the peptide adopts a mini-granulin fold with a granulin disulfide connectivity. Our experimental studies using NMR spectroscopy and orthogonal protection of cysteine residues indicate that TxVIIB indeed adopts a mini-granulin fold but with the ICK disulfide connectivity. Our findings provide structural insight into the underlying features that govern formation of the mini-granulin fold rather than the ICK fold and will provide fundamental information for prediction algorithms, as the subtle complexity of disulfide isomers may be not adequately addressed by the current prediction algorithms.

Asian palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus) is native to some Asian regions, include Indonesia. Despite its wide spreading in those areas, study in regards to its anatomy is very few. This study is aimed to unveil the anatomy of Asian plam civet brain in Timor island. This study was performed in three Asian palm civets. The palm civets were anesthesized and humanely euthanazied using perfusion technique, and macroscopically observed for their brains anatomy. Results showed Asian palm civet consisted of three main parts which were cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. Compared to brain of dog, sulci and gyri of the Asian palm civet is simpler, with paraflocculus lobes were merely located in dorsal and ventral parts of the brain. However, the vermis was more similar to dogs, and more developed compare to Reusettussp (Javanese codot). This suggests that the anatomical difference is a result of the different behavior, which are nocturnal animal and live on trees.