Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its advanced form, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), are the leading causes of chronic liver disease globally. They are driven by complex mechanisms where inflammation plays a pivotal role in disease progression. Current therapies, including lifestyle changes and pharmacological agents, are limited in efficacy, particularly in addressing the advanced stages of the disease. Emerging approaches targeting inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and fibrosis offer promising new directions, though challenges such as treatment complexity and heterogeneity persist. This review concludes the main therapeutic targets and approaches to manage inflammation currently and emphasizes the critical need for future drug development and combination therapy for NAFLD/NASH management.

Introduction: Chronic gastritis is a common disease worldwide. Studies have consistently shown that chronic gastritis is usually associated with gastric microbial dysbiosis, especially the infection of Helicobacter pylori . However, the interaction between H. pylori and non- H. pylori bacteria in patients with chronic gastritis has not been clearly identified yet. Consequently, we designed a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis, which focused on identifying the changes in gastrointestinal microbiota composition between patients with H. pylori -infective and non-infective chronic gastritis. Method and analysis: We will search PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases to retrieve observational studies on humans. The eligible studies must include data about the relative abundance of the gastrointestinal microbiome in patients with H. pylori -infective or non-infective chronic gastritis. Only the data of adults aged over 18 years will be analysed. Two researchers will extract the data independently, and Newcastle–Ottawa Scale will be used to assess the risk of bias. Random-effects model will be performed in quantitative analyses. Correlation analysis, bioinformatics analysis and function analysis will be performed. Discussion: Currently, numerous studies have revealed the role of H. pylori in chronic gastritis. However, the alterations of non- H. pylori bacteria in patients with chronic gastritis remain an open question. The results of our study might provide new insights into future diagnosis and treatments. Ethics and dissemination: This study is based on published documents, unrelated to personal data, so ethical approval is not in need. The results of this study are expected to be published in journals or conference proceedings. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020205260; Pre-results.

Age‐associated decline of the immune system is referred to as immunosenescence. The E3 ligase RING finger 10 (RNF10) has long been associated with the innate immune response, although a potential role in immunosenescence has not previously been reported. In the present study, we identified that RNF10 expression is lower in aged mouse macrophages than in young cells. After lipopolysaccharide stimulation, RNF10 expression remained at a basal low level in aged mouse cells, but declined sharply in young mouse cells. Knockdown of RNF10 enhanced both the nuclear factor‐κB and interferon regulatory factor 3 signaling pathways and thus enhanced proinflammatory cytokines and type I interferons in macrophages, promoting clearance of Listeria monocytogenes. These findings indicate that dysregulated expression of RNF10 is associated with age‐associated immune dysfunction, and RNF10 may thus be a potential target for the treatment of age‐related inflammatory diseases.

Enhancing diagnostic strategies for biliary strictures: an evolving landscape