Entrepreneurship has always been a crucial issue in the economic development of the countries as it has the ability to enhance standards of living and create wealth, not only for the entrepreneurs but also for related businesses and people. This paper aims to provide insights into how to build successful entrepreneurship in Kathmandu valley (KV). Using the descriptive method, we have applied non- probability sampling technique to select 302 entrepreneurs from KV. The structured questionnaire is used for data collection. Descriptive statistics, correlation, regression, pre-estimation, and post-estimation are used for data analysis. The research finds that entrepreneurs are more successful when possessing such qualities as creativity and leadership. Furthermore, the results reveal that technology plays a vital role while initiating entrepreneurship and education helps raise positive output in entrepreneurship. Based on the findings, the study concludes that entrepreneurship has been one of the important issues in the context of Nepal to open up employment opportunities and bring economic progress.

A voluminous study is available on tourism-growth nexus as tourism industry received considerable attention as a potential source of economic growth. This paper empirically examines the impact of tourism on economic growth of Nepal by using time series data of 1976-2020 and applying autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach. Real GDP was used as proxy measure of economic growth, which was the outcome variable whereas the variable of interest was tourism receipts. Foreign aid, total volume of trade and ratio of government consumption expenditure to GDP were taken as control variables. The result of ARDL model shows that tourism has no significant impact on economic growth of Nepal in both short-run and long-run. However, total volume of trade has positive and significant effect on economic growth in short-run whereas foreign aid, total volume of trade and ratio of government consumption expenditure to GDP have positive and significant effect on economic growth in the long-run. In such context of tourism and growth relationship, tourism-led growth hypothesis is rejected for Nepal.

Background: Street vending, like other informal activities, contributes to employment generation. For many people, it is a source of income and thus has a poverty implication for street vendors. Objective: The major objective of this study is to analyze the poverty implication of street vending in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. The specific objectives are: to measure the net business income of street vendors, to determine factors influencing street vendors’ net business income and to analyze the poverty implication of street vending in the Kathmandu Valley. Methods: The study was based on the analytical approach, where the net business income of street vendors was measured, factors influencing net business income of street vendors were determined and the potential role of street vending on poverty reduction in Kathmandu Valley was analyzed. Factors influencingnet business income of street vendors were identified by applying regression analysis. For this, cross-sectional data were collected from randomly selected 450 street vendors of five locations of the Kathmandu Valley, i.e. Balaju, Lagankhel, Kalanki, Ratnapark and Suryabinayak. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire.The poverty implication of street vending was analyzed by using the consumption approach, wheremeasurement was done about whetherconsumption ofstreet vendors, which was covered by their net business income, was above the poverty line of the Kathmandu Valley. Results: Average monthly net business income of street vendors was Rs 22,500. Educational level, experience, sales and working hours per day were the factors influencing net business income of street vendors. 54% ofstreet vendors were found to have consumption above the poverty line which was covered by their net business income. Furthermore, it was found that if respondents were not involved in street vending; only 42% of respondents could have consumption above the poverty line which could be covered by their income from other jobs/professions. Conclusions: The study concludes that majority of people, who dostreet vendingin the Kathmandu Valley,come from low income family background. Street vending plays an important role to provide employment to the people belonging to socially and economically marginalized groups of the society.However, at the same time, street vendingalso creates problems like overcrowding on the roadsides, environmental pollution due to the generation of wasteduring street vending, and so on. So,the focus should be on shifting street vendors to the formal sectors in the long-term. Implications: As street vending is a source of income for thousands of socially and economically mariginalized groups and has poverty implications, it should not be viewed just as a problem of the street. If it is managed properly, it contributes tothe livelihood of thousands of people and provides goods and services at a cheaper price to low-income consumers.

Nepal promulgated a new constitution in 2015, which adopted a federal system of governance to achieve economic equality, prosperity and social justice. The constitution has allocated expenditure responsibilities to each level of government. In such a scenario, this study employs a descriptive approach to analyze the spending practices of Nepal’s provincial and local governments. Secondary sources of data were used to cover the period from 2018/19 to 2021/22. The study found that the average share of recurrent expenditure at the provincial level of Nepal was 42.5% while such share of capital expenditure was 57.5%. At the local level, the average share of recurrent and capital expenditure was 60.5% and 39.5% respectively. Within the capital expenditure of Nepal’s provincial governments, the average share of expenditure items having relatively more contribution to capital formation was 70.6% while that of local governments, such share was 52.9% only. The study also found that Nepal's provincial and local governments spend less on the major subnational service delivery areas. Nepal’s subnational government spending practices highlight the need to spend more on capital formation. Within the capital formation, more spending on the areas having a direct impact on their future growth and prosperity is necessary. The subnational governments must also spend more on major subnational service delivery areas.

This study analyzes the economic performance of Nepal’s provinces by employing descriptive approach. Secondary data related to the key indicators showing economic performance of provinces, i.e. economic growth, per capita income, contribution to gross domestic product, expenditure and receipt were examined for the period 2018/19-2022/23. The findings reveal a concerning trend of weak economic growth across Nepal’s provinces. The per capita income of most of the provinces is low while provincial transfer dependency is high. Provinces were found to allocate relatively higher proportion of their budget to capital expenditure compared to re-current expenditure. Among the provinces, Bagmati, Gandaki and Koshi have relatively better economic performance compared to other provinces in terms of indicators considered.