The objective of this study was to investigate the distribution of pyrolysis products and the chemical reaction kinetics of a novel composite, GO@CL-20. The GO@CL-20 composite powder was synthesized using a solvent–non-solvent method. The thermal decomposition process of GO@CL-20 was analyzed through thermogravimetric differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC). The results indicate that the incorporation of graphene oxide (GO) reduces the activation energy of the sample, thereby catalyzing the thermal decomposition process of the complex. Subsequently, single pulse shock tube experiments were conducted to assess ignition delay time distribution, from which corresponding data on pyrolysis product distribution for GO@CL-20 were obtained. The findings regarding ignition delay times demonstrate that adding GO decreases the energy within the complex system and mitigates its reactivity, consequently prolonging ignition delay times. An important carbon and nitrogen molecule, C₂N₂, was identified in the pyrolysis product distribution; notably, its yield increased progressively with higher concentrations of GO. Finally, mass transfer characteristics and sensitivity analyses for GO@CL-20 samples were performed using CHEMKIN software to preliminarily determine pyrolysis reaction pathways. The results reveal that incorporating GO can significantly alter the thermal decomposition behavior of the entire system; moreover, C₂N₂ exhibits a high cleavage rate along this reaction pathway—findings that align well with experimental observations. This study aims to enhance understanding of CL-20 and GO reaction kinetics—materials with extensive applications in military operations as well as aviation and aerospace—and provides valuable insights for propellant development.