Introduction: Sturge-Weber Syndrome is a rare neurocutaneous disorder characterized by facial port-wine birthmarks, leptomeningeal angiomatosis, and associated neurological, ophthalmological, and dermatological symptoms. The condition's variable presentation poses challenges for diagnosis, management, and long-term care. Advances in imaging, genetics, and targeted therapies are reshaping the landscape of Sturge-Weber Syndrome treatment. Aim of Study: This review aims to summarize current knowledge on the clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, differential diagnoses, and treatment options for Sturge-Weber Syndrome, with a focus on the management of neurological, ophthalmological, and dermatological symptoms. Material and methods: A comprehensive review of the literature on Sturge-Weber Syndrome was performed using the PubMed database. Results and Conclusions: Sturge-Weber Syndrome is a complex disorder requiring a multidisciplinary approach to management. Neurological complications, particularly epilepsy, are a major concern, often necessitating pharmacological or surgical interventions. Ophthalmological issues, especially glaucoma, pose challenges across all age groups, with tailored treatments offering varying success. Dermatological symptoms, such as port-wine stains, benefit significantly from early pulsed dye laser therapy, often enhanced by adjunctive treatments like topical rapamycin. Emerging therapies, including sirolimus and aspirin, show promise in reducing complications. Advances in imaging techniques and targeted treatments offer hope for improved management, while lifelong monitoring remains essential. Further research into the pathophysiology and therapies for Sturge-Weber Syndrome is critical to developing personalized and effective treatment strategies, ultimately improving patient outcomes.

Introduction and Aim of the ReviewMagnesium and zinc are vital for cellular metabolism and maintaining homeostasis, playing a particularly significant role for athletes. Magnesium, which is largely stored in bones and muscles, is essential for protein synthesis. Zinc, a critical trace element found in muscle and bone tissue, participates in over 300 enzymatic reactions, acts as an antioxidant and making both minerals crucial for physical performance. This study aims to explore the physiological role of magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) in the context of athletic performance and to examine their impact on energy metabolism, muscle function, protein synthesis and potential benefits of Mg and Zn supplementation for improving athletic outcomes and post-exercise recovery. MethodsA comprehensive review of scientific literature was conducted through a thorough search of the PubMed database to explore the latest findings on the utility of magnesium and zinc in sports. Only articles in English were considered. Current KnowledgeThe review results indicate that Mg and Zn play critical roles in energy metabolism, muscle and immune system health. Mg deficiency can impair muscle function and reduce endurance, while its supplementation supports muscle relaxation, cardiovascular health, and respiratory efficiency. Although required in small amounts, Zn is indispensable for enzymatic activity, protein synthesis, hormonal balance, and muscle recovery, making it vital for post-exercise recovery and immune response modulation. ConclusionsAvailable data suggest that Mg and Zn supplementation may positively influence athletic performance, energy metabolism, and recovery post-exercise, though further research is needed to establish specific supplementation guidelines. This review provides a foundation for developing supplementation strategies aimed at enhancing athletic performance and supporting healthy recovery.

Introduction: Caffeine, a well-known stimulant, is commonly used by athletes to enhance performance across various sports, including combat sports. Its ergogenic properties, such as improved strength, endurance, and cognitive function, have been well documented in the literature. This paper explores the effects of caffeine supplementation on combat sports, specifically in disciplines such as judo, jiu-jitsu, taekwondo, and boxing. The impact of different doses of caffeine on performance in these sports is examined, along with potential risks, limitations, and considerations for its use. Aim of Study: The primary aim of this study is to analyze the effects of caffeine on performance in combat sports, considering various factors such as optimal dosage, timing, and the impact of habitual caffeine consumption. Additionally, this paper evaluates the potential adverse effects, including anxiety, sleep disturbances, and cardiovascular concerns, as well as the considerations regarding caffeine’s status as a banned substance in sports. Material and methods: A review of the literature on caffeine and its effect was performed using the PubMed database. Results and Conclusions: Caffeine supplementation consistently enhances performance in combat sports. Doses ranging from 3–6 mg/kg were found to improve strength, endurance, and reaction times across various combat sports, with higher doses being more effective for elite athletes. However, habitual caffeine consumption may diminish responsiveness to caffeine’s ergogenic effects. Caffeine’s potential adverse effects, such as anxiety, insomnia, and increased heart rate, were reported, with gender differences in sensitivity. While caffeine’s ergogenic effects are well-established, its use should be personalized, considering individual responses and training status. Furthermore, caffeine's legal status and potential interactions with other substances, such as alcohol and medications, must be considered in competitive settings.

Introduction: Water birth, involving immersion in water during childbirth, has gained popularity for its potential benefits, such as pain relief and comfort. While widely practiced in some countries, concerns regarding its safety, particularly for neonates, remain. This paper explores the maternal and fetal benefits and risks associated with water birth, as well as the epidemiological trends, medical protocols, and legal considerations. Aim of Study: The aim of this study is to evaluate the maternal and neonatal outcomes of water immersion and water birth, focusing on the safety, efficacy, and factors influencing its adoption in different populations. Material and methods: A comprehensive review of the literature on water birth including its benefits, risks and controversies was performed using the PubMed database. Results and Conclusions: Water immersion during labor is associated with significant maternal benefits, including reduced pain and anxiety, shorter labor, and fewer pharmacological interventions. Water birth, however, carries potential risks, such as neonatal respiratory complications and infections, although studies generally report no significant differences in neonatal outcomes compared to land birth. Epidemiological trends show higher water birth rates among women aged 30–39, while socioeconomic factors, such as deprivation, are linked to lower rates. Water birth has been shown to reduce the incidence of severe perineal tears and postpartum hemorrhage. While promising, the practice requires careful adherence to medical protocols to ensure safety, with further research needed to fully establish its long-term benefits and risks.

The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in human health, including mental health. Depression and anxiety disorders are among the most common mental illnesses in the population. This review examines recent PubMed literature to evaluate the microbiota's impact on these conditions and potential therapeutic strategies. Gut microbiota affects depression and anxiety through neural, endocrine, and immune-inflammatory mechanisms, involving factors such as BDNF, elevated cortisol during dysbiosis, bacterial endotoxins, and cytokines. Conditions like leaky gut syndrome and SIBO are linked to the development of depression, anxiety, and other disorders, such as autism. Probiotics and prebiotics may alleviate depression by enhancing neuroplasticity, though this effect is better established in animal studies. For anxiety disorders, most studies report unfavorable alterations in gut microbiota composition among affected patients, while a few suggest a beneficial effect of probiotics. Probiotics also reduce side effects of antipsychotic drugs. Antibiotic use has been associated with increased risks of these mental conditions. Attempts have been made to use microbiota transfer therapy (MTT) as a complementary treatment, showing improvements particularly in depression and, to a lesser extent, anxiety, especially among patients recovering from COVID-19, those with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and individuals with severe depression. In recent years, numerous studies have explored the impact of gut microbiota on mental health, highlighting its significant therapeutic potential as an adjunct in treating anxiety and depression. However, there remains a need for more well-designed, large-scale human studies to confirm these findings conclusively.

Caffeine is one of the most widely consumed and studied stimulants worldwide with a long history in athletics as a performance enhancer. Although listed as a stimulant in the World Anti-Doping Agency’s (WADA’s) 2024 Monitoring Program, its use is not prohibited. Individual responses to caffeine vary widely due to factors like genetics, age, and lifestyle habits, such as smoking and diet. This paper examines caffeine's multifaced role in human metabolism, with an emphasis on athletes' training (endurance and strength) and post-exercise recovery. Our comprehensive review of literature indicates that caffeine typically ingested one hour before exercise in doses around 3-6 mg/kg raises metabolic rate, increases free fatty acids mobilization, extends time to exhaustion in running and cycling, improves maximal voluntary contraction and enhances high-speed muscular activity with low-load movements. It also blocks pain perception. These findings highlight caffeine’s role in endurance and strength sports. However, due to inconsistencies, further research is needed to develop exercise-specific protocols considering dose, timing, and training status. Caffeine aids recovery by reducing delayed - onset muscle soreness, improving glycogen resynthesis, and reducing fatigue. However, late consumption may affect sleep, requiring careful timing and dosage adjustments. Moreover, potential side and positive effects of caffeine ingestion need to be considered.