Mori Fructus (MF) is the dried fruit of Morus alba L., which is a dual-purpose resource for medicine and food. As one of the main active components of MF, polysaccharides exhibit many biological activities such as immunomodulation, hypoglycaemia effects, liver protection, and regulation of the intestinal flora. In recent years, the extraction and purification methods, structure, biological activity, and structure-activity relationship of Mori Fructus polysaccharides (MFP) have attracted extensive attention. MFP composed of repetitive disaccharide fragments of 1,4-linked α-GalpA and 1,2-linked α-Rhap. Structural information such as extraction yield, molecular weight (Mw), and monosaccharide composition of MFP differs based on the extraction process used. In addition, the Mw, monosaccharide composition, and chemical modification of MFP are closely related to its biological activity. Currently, the research of MFP is still in the primary stage, and further exploration is required to fully reveal their structure and biological functions. This paper systematically reviews the research progress of extraction, purification, structural characterization, and biological activities of MFP, deeply analyzes their structure-activity relationship and product application status, and discusses some existing problems in order to provide support for the further development and utilization of MFP.

Deep-seated tumors present significant diagnostic challenges and pose substantial mortality risks due to their occult anatomical localization. Current diagnostic paradigms predominantly depend on conventional imaging modalities; nevertheless, inherent technical constraints persistently compromise diagnostic precision and therapeutic efficacy. In contrast to traditional methodologies, near-infrared (NIR; 700–1700 nm) fluorescence imaging (FLI) demonstrates superior sensitivity and spatiotemporal resolution, facilitating real-time intraoperative visualization and precision-guided surgical interventions. This paper explores fluorescence materials with tailored structures for tumors at different depths. We critically analyze optimization strategies for NIR fluorescence materials while evaluating their comparative advantages in stratified tissue imaging. This study presents a systematic evaluation of NIR fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) systems and image reconstruction methodologies. These insights provide feasible ideas for detecting and treating tumors at varying depths in clinical practice. Furthermore, the application of NIR fluorescent materials in tumor diagnosis, navigation-guided surgery, and phototherapy (including photothermal, photodynamic, and immunomodulation therapies) is discussed. Finally, the prospects and challenges of clinical transformation are summarized.