This study compares the effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) and videoconferencing (VC) platforms for online learning. Comparative meta-analyses of 29 articles from 2003 to 2023 (15 for VR, 14 for VC) revealed that both technologies positively affect learning outcomes, with VR demonstrating a larger effect size (ES = 0.913) compared with VC (ES = 0.284). VR proved more beneficial in regular-sized classes, especially for natural science subjects, and excelled in experiential or collaborative learning environments. VC showed a greater impact in smaller classes, with significant variations depending on the program brand and camera options; it also favored natural science. These findings provide valuable guidance for educators and learners in choosing the most suitable technology for different online learning scenarios and shed light on future research in this field.