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José M. Vindel
Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Spain

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Review
Published: 09 July 2021 in Energies
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After the Great Recession of 2008, there was a strong commitment from several international institutions and forums to improve wellbeing economics, with a switch towards satisfaction and sustainability in people–planet–profit relations. The initiative of the European Union is the Green Deal, which is similar to the UN SGD agenda for Horizon 2030. It is the common political economy plan for the Multiannual Financial Framework, 2021–2027. This project intends, at the same time, to stop climate change and to promote the people’s wellness within healthy organizations and smart cities with access to cheap and clean energy. However, there is a risk for the success of this aim: the Jevons paradox. In this paper, we make a thorough revision of the literature on the Jevons Paradox, which implies that energy efficiency leads to higher levels of consumption of energy and to a bigger hazard of climate change and environmental degradation.

ACS Style

Estrella Trincado; Antonio Sánchez-Bayón; José Vindel. The European Union Green Deal: Clean Energy Wellbeing Opportunities and the Risk of the Jevons Paradox. Energies 2021, 14, 4148 .

AMA Style

Estrella Trincado, Antonio Sánchez-Bayón, José Vindel. The European Union Green Deal: Clean Energy Wellbeing Opportunities and the Risk of the Jevons Paradox. Energies. 2021; 14 (14):4148.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Estrella Trincado; Antonio Sánchez-Bayón; José Vindel. 2021. "The European Union Green Deal: Clean Energy Wellbeing Opportunities and the Risk of the Jevons Paradox." Energies 14, no. 14: 4148.

Journal article
Published: 08 July 2021 in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
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In this work, a viability study of algal wastewater treatment projects under outdoor conditions is proposed. The viability analysis of solar plant projects based on annual exceedance probability, which is the probability that a certain energy value will be exceeded, is applied. The two outputs used (algal productivity and ammonium uptake rate) are obtained from literature models under different scenarios. The first scenario studies algal productivity of the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris cultivation in an open pond system. The second scenario considers the ammonium uptake rate of the microalgae Scenedesmus sp. Cultivation in a flat-plate photobioreactor. Both scenarios are set out under outdoor conditions in two stations with different climates. The work also aims at including in the viability study an analysis of the intermittency of productivity/ammonium uptake rate to take into account intra-annual variability. The study of variability is usually limited to the estimation of statistics during each season. The methodology proposed, based on exceedance probabilities of variation, evaluates discontinuities in the production and/or nutrient removal processes. Finally, the work aims at evaluating the effects of storage on the discontinuities that can compromise project viability defining the Risk Factor Improvement Index. This index assesses the degree of improvement in viability due to discontinuity in productivity and ammonium removal processes provided by storage. According to this index, improvements of up to 31% for the productivity and up to 20% for the ammonium uptake rate can be reached. By including storage, the discontinuity effect and thus the intermittency analysis may be disregarded.

ACS Style

José M. Vindel; Estrella Trincado. Viability assessment of algal wastewater treatment projects under outdoor conditions based on algal productivity and nutrient removal rate. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2021, 150, 111435 .

AMA Style

José M. Vindel, Estrella Trincado. Viability assessment of algal wastewater treatment projects under outdoor conditions based on algal productivity and nutrient removal rate. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2021; 150 ():111435.

Chicago/Turabian Style

José M. Vindel; Estrella Trincado. 2021. "Viability assessment of algal wastewater treatment projects under outdoor conditions based on algal productivity and nutrient removal rate." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 150, no. : 111435.

Journal article
Published: 04 April 2021 in Energies
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The European Union Green Deal aims at curbing greenhouse gas emissions and introducing clean energy production. But to achieve energy efficiency, the opportunity cost of different energies must be assessed. In this article, two different energy self-sufficient systems for wastewater treatment are compared. On the one hand, high-rate algal ponds system (HRAP) is considered; on the other hand, a conventional activated sludge system (AS) which uses photovoltaic power (PV) is studied. The paper offers a viability analysis of both systems based on the capacity to satisfy their energetic consumption. This viability analysis, along with the opportunity cost study, will be used in the article to compare these two projects devoted to the treatment of wastewater. In order to assess viability, the probability of not achieving the energy consumption threshold at least one day is studied. The results point that the AS+PV system self-sufficiency is achieved with much lesser land requirements than the HRAP system (for the former, less than 6500 m2, for the latter 40,000 m2). However, the important AS capital cost makes still the HRAP system more economic, although storage provides a great advantage for using the AS+PV in locations where a lot of irradiance is available.

ACS Style

Jose Vindel; Estrella Trincado; Antonio Sánchez-Bayón. European Union Green Deal and the Opportunity Cost of Wastewater Treatment Projects. Energies 2021, 14, 1994 .

AMA Style

Jose Vindel, Estrella Trincado, Antonio Sánchez-Bayón. European Union Green Deal and the Opportunity Cost of Wastewater Treatment Projects. Energies. 2021; 14 (7):1994.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jose Vindel; Estrella Trincado; Antonio Sánchez-Bayón. 2021. "European Union Green Deal and the Opportunity Cost of Wastewater Treatment Projects." Energies 14, no. 7: 1994.

Journal article
Published: 04 March 2021 in Agronomy
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Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is a useful variable to estimate the growth of biomass or microalgae. However, it is not always feasible to access PAR measurements; in this work, two sets of nine hourly PAR models were developed. These models were estimated for mainland Spain from satellite data, using multilinear regressions and artificial neural networks. The variables utilized were combinations of global horizontal irradiance, clearness index, solar zenith angle cosine, relative humidity, and air temperature. The study territory was divided into regions with similar features regarding PAR through clustering of the PAR clearness index (kPAR ). This methodology allowed PAR modeling for the two main climatic regions in mainland Spain (Oceanic and Mediterranean). MODIS 3 h data were employed to train the models, and PAR data registered in seven stations across Spain were used for validation. Usual validation indices assess the extent to which the models reproduce the observed data. However, none of those indices considers the exceedance probabilities, which allow the assessment of the viability of projects based on the data to be modeled. In this work, a new validation index based on these probabilities is presented. Hence, its use, along with the other indices, provides a double and thus more complete validation.

ACS Style

Francisco Ferrera-Cobos; Jose Vindel; Rita Valenzuela. A New Index Assessing the Viability of PAR Application Projects Used to Validate PAR Models. Agronomy 2021, 11, 470 .

AMA Style

Francisco Ferrera-Cobos, Jose Vindel, Rita Valenzuela. A New Index Assessing the Viability of PAR Application Projects Used to Validate PAR Models. Agronomy. 2021; 11 (3):470.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francisco Ferrera-Cobos; Jose Vindel; Rita Valenzuela. 2021. "A New Index Assessing the Viability of PAR Application Projects Used to Validate PAR Models." Agronomy 11, no. 3: 470.

Journal article
Published: 16 April 2020 in Remote Sensing
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The main objectives of this work are to address the analysis of the spatial and temporal variability of the ratio between photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and global horizontal irradiance (GHI), as well as to develop PAR models. The analysis was carried out using data from three stations located in mainland Spain covering three climates: oceanic, standard Mediterranean, and continental Mediterranean. The results of this analysis showed a clear dependence between the PAR/GHI ratio and the location; the oceanic climate showed higher values of PAR/GHI compared with Mediterranean climates. Further, the temporal variability of PAR/GHI was conditioned by the variability of clearness index, so it was also higher in oceanic than in Mediterranean climates. On the other hand, Climate Monitoring Satellite Facility (CM-SAF) and Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data were used to estimate PAR as a function of GHI over the whole territory. The validation with ground measurements showed better performance of the MODIS-estimates-derived model for the oceanic climate (root-mean-square error (RMSE) around 5%), while the model obtained from CM-SAF fitted better for Mediterranean climates (RMSEs around 2%).

ACS Style

Francisco Ferrera-Cobos; Jose M. Vindel; Rita X. Valenzuela; Jose A. Gonzalez. Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Variability of the PAR/GHI Ratio and PAR Modeling Based on Two Satellite Estimates. Remote Sensing 2020, 12, 1262 .

AMA Style

Francisco Ferrera-Cobos, Jose M. Vindel, Rita X. Valenzuela, Jose A. Gonzalez. Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Variability of the PAR/GHI Ratio and PAR Modeling Based on Two Satellite Estimates. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12 (8):1262.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francisco Ferrera-Cobos; Jose M. Vindel; Rita X. Valenzuela; Jose A. Gonzalez. 2020. "Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Variability of the PAR/GHI Ratio and PAR Modeling Based on Two Satellite Estimates." Remote Sensing 12, no. 8: 1262.

Journal article
Published: 05 September 2019 in Meteorological Applications
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ACS Style

Jose M. Vindel; Rita X. Valenzuela; Ana A. Navarro; Jesús Polo. Temporal and spatial variability analysis of the solar radiation in a region affected by the intertropical convergence zone. Meteorological Applications 2019, 27, 1 .

AMA Style

Jose M. Vindel, Rita X. Valenzuela, Ana A. Navarro, Jesús Polo. Temporal and spatial variability analysis of the solar radiation in a region affected by the intertropical convergence zone. Meteorological Applications. 2019; 27 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jose M. Vindel; Rita X. Valenzuela; Ana A. Navarro; Jesús Polo. 2019. "Temporal and spatial variability analysis of the solar radiation in a region affected by the intertropical convergence zone." Meteorological Applications 27, no. 1: 1.

Journal article
Published: 30 May 2018 in Remote Sensing
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A model based on the known high correlation between photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and global horizontal irradiance (GHI) was implemented to estimate PAR from GHI measurements in this present study. The model has been developed using satellite-derived GHI and PAR estimations. Both variables can be estimated using Kato bands, provided by Satellite Application Facility on Climate Monitoring (CM-SAF), and its ratio may be used as the variable of interest in order to obtain the model. The study area, which was located in mainland Spain, has been split by cluster analysis into regions with similar behavior, according to this ratio. In each of these regions, a regression model estimating PAR from GHI has been developed. According to the analysis, two regions are distinguished in the study area. These regions belong to the two climates dominating the territory: an Oceanic climate on the northern edge; and a Mediterranean climate with hot summer in the rest of the study area. The models obtained for each region have been checked against the ground measurements, providing correlograms with determination coefficients higher than 0.99.

ACS Style

Jose M. Vindel; Rita X. Valenzuela; Ana A. Navarro; Luis F. Zarzalejo; Abel Paz-Gallardo; José A. Souto; Ramón Méndez-Gómez; David Cartelle; Juan J. Casares. Modeling Photosynthetically Active Radiation from Satellite-Derived Estimations over Mainland Spain. Remote Sensing 2018, 10, 849 .

AMA Style

Jose M. Vindel, Rita X. Valenzuela, Ana A. Navarro, Luis F. Zarzalejo, Abel Paz-Gallardo, José A. Souto, Ramón Méndez-Gómez, David Cartelle, Juan J. Casares. Modeling Photosynthetically Active Radiation from Satellite-Derived Estimations over Mainland Spain. Remote Sensing. 2018; 10 (6):849.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jose M. Vindel; Rita X. Valenzuela; Ana A. Navarro; Luis F. Zarzalejo; Abel Paz-Gallardo; José A. Souto; Ramón Méndez-Gómez; David Cartelle; Juan J. Casares. 2018. "Modeling Photosynthetically Active Radiation from Satellite-Derived Estimations over Mainland Spain." Remote Sensing 10, no. 6: 849.

Journal article
Published: 26 May 2018 in Atmospheric Research
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A methodology is presented for determining optimal locations to install photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) measurement stations. Initially, a cluster analysis was performed from PAR satellite-derived estimations over mainland Spain. Once the optimal number of clusters was obtained, the total number of locations included in the monitoring network was distributed among different groups, according to the size and variability of each group. Finally, the specific locations for measurement stations placement was determined using an iterative technique: The largest region within each cluster was split into two new sub-regions, providing two new sites for substituting the initial location. Clustering analysis has previously been applied to determine locations to monitor solar radiation. However, this is the first implementation for PAR stations in mainland Spain. Another novelty developed in this work is the distribution employed for specific sites within each cluster. The outcome achieved using clustering analysis was compared to those obtained using three other methods: two methods without clustering analysis and the third where clustering is performed but not optimizing the number of clusters. In one technique without clusters, the largest region is split into two new sub-regions, similar to the clustering analysis with optimization. In the second without clustering analysis, since the data variability was not previously addressed, the region divided is those with the largest combined effect of variance and size. The results fully justify using a clustering process; however, clustering without optimization is the worst performing method.

ACS Style

J.M. Vindel; R.X. Valenzuela; A.A. Navarro; Luis F. Zarzalejo. Methodology for optimizing a photosynthetically active radiation monitoring network from satellite-derived estimations: A case study over mainland Spain. Atmospheric Research 2018, 212, 227 -239.

AMA Style

J.M. Vindel, R.X. Valenzuela, A.A. Navarro, Luis F. Zarzalejo. Methodology for optimizing a photosynthetically active radiation monitoring network from satellite-derived estimations: A case study over mainland Spain. Atmospheric Research. 2018; 212 ():227-239.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J.M. Vindel; R.X. Valenzuela; A.A. Navarro; Luis F. Zarzalejo. 2018. "Methodology for optimizing a photosynthetically active radiation monitoring network from satellite-derived estimations: A case study over mainland Spain." Atmospheric Research 212, no. : 227-239.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2016 in Atmospheric Research
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The temporal variability of global irradiance estimated from daily satellite data and numerical models has been compared for different spans of time. According to the time scale considered, a different behaviour can be expected for each climate. Indeed, for all climates and at small scale, the persistence decreases as this scale increases, but the mediterranean climate, and its continental variety, shows higher persistence than oceanic climate. The probabilities of maintaining the values of irradiance after a certain period of time have been used as a first approximation to analyse the quality of each source, according to the climate. In addition, probability distributions corresponding to variations of clearness indices measured at several stations located in different climate zones have been compared with those obtained from satellite and modelling estimations. For this work, daily radiation data from the reanalysis carried out by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts and from the Satellite Application Facilities on climate monitoring have been used for mainland Spain. According to the results, the temporal series estimation of irradiance is more accurate when using satellite data, independent of the climate considered. In fact, the coefficients of determination corresponding to the locations studied are always above 0.92 in the case of satellite data, while this coefficient decreases to 0.69 for some cases of the numerical model. This conclusion is more evident in oceanic climates, where the most important errors can be observed. Indeed, in this case, the RRMSE derived from the CM-SAF estimations is 20.93%, while in the numerical model, it is 48.33%. Analysis of the probabilities corresponding to variations in the clearness indices also shows a better behaviour of the satellite-derived estimates for oceanic climate. For the standard mediterranean climate, the satellite also provides better results, though the numerical model improves significantly. In fact, for continental climate, both sources offer similar outcomes.

ACS Style

Jose M. Vindel; Ana A. Navarro; Rita X. Valenzuela; Lourdes Ramírez. Temporal scaling analysis of irradiance estimated from daily satellite data and numerical modelling. Atmospheric Research 2016, 181, 154 -162.

AMA Style

Jose M. Vindel, Ana A. Navarro, Rita X. Valenzuela, Lourdes Ramírez. Temporal scaling analysis of irradiance estimated from daily satellite data and numerical modelling. Atmospheric Research. 2016; 181 ():154-162.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jose M. Vindel; Ana A. Navarro; Rita X. Valenzuela; Lourdes Ramírez. 2016. "Temporal scaling analysis of irradiance estimated from daily satellite data and numerical modelling." Atmospheric Research 181, no. : 154-162.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2016 in Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics
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Highlights•Annual variability patterns have been found in Spain for both satellite and numerical model estimations.•In the case of the satellite, the pattern is especially followed in zones with an accused annual variation.•In the case of the numerical model, the pattern is followed with a very high correlation along the whole country.•The satellite can distinguish better the different climate zones that are present in the territory. AbstractIn this work, solar radiation estimations obtained from a satellite and a numerical weather prediction model in mainland Spain have been compared. Similar comparisons have been formerly carried out, but in this case, the methodology used is different: the temporal variability of both sources of estimation has been compared with the annual evolution of the radiation associated to the different study climate zones. The methodology is based on obtaining behavior patterns, using a Principal Component Analysis, following the annual evolution of solar radiation estimations. Indeed, the adjustment degree to these patterns in each point (assessed from maps of correlation) may be associated with the annual radiation variation (assessed from the interquartile range), which is associated, in turn, to different climate zones.In addition, the goodness of each estimation source has been assessed comparing it with data obtained from the radiation measurements in ground by pyranometers.For the study, radiation data from Satellite Application Facilities and data corresponding to the reanalysis carried out by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts have been used.

ACS Style

José M. Vindel; Ana A. Navarro; Rita X. Valenzuela; Luis F. Zarzalejo. Temporal variability patterns in solar radiation estimations. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 2016, 143-144, 1 -7.

AMA Style

José M. Vindel, Ana A. Navarro, Rita X. Valenzuela, Luis F. Zarzalejo. Temporal variability patterns in solar radiation estimations. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. 2016; 143-144 ():1-7.

Chicago/Turabian Style

José M. Vindel; Ana A. Navarro; Rita X. Valenzuela; Luis F. Zarzalejo. 2016. "Temporal variability patterns in solar radiation estimations." Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 143-144, no. : 1-7.