Structural details of an advanced laminated PV (photovoltaic) vacuum glazing are illustrated. The glazing design features low heat gain or loss, while the sandwiched PV film generates electricity and allows daylight and vision. The thin vacuum gap and glass sheets make it slimmer and lighter than conventional designs. Aerogel support pillars and epoxy resin edge seals minimise conductive heat transfer and further reduce the weight of the window. The thermal insulation performance of the PV vacuum glazing is numerically investigated. All the three heat transfer mechanisms are considered in the COMSOL modelling. During the modelling of radiation in participating media, the optical properties of low-e (low-emissivity) and PV coating are considered and a boundary condition for translucence is re-customized in particular. For the verification of the modeling accuracy, a simplified vacuum glazing model is adopted first. The simulation results are consistent with the thermal performance data report of a vacuum glazing manufacturer. Subsequently, comprehensive simulation results with different configurations of the PV vacuum glazing are presented and discussed. Retrofitting of steel pillars with aerogel pillars for conventional vacuum glazing can yield a decrease of 0.3255 W/m²K in the overall U-value and a decrease of 0.2559 W/m²K in the central U-value. Besides, the thermal resistances of the laminated structure are calculated layer by layer. Moreover, the influence of the radiative parameters of the PV film on the thermal performance of the glazing is assessed. On the other hand, the simulation of the PV vacuum glazing under solar radiation is carried out to evaluate its working temperature.

As integrated circuit technology continues to advance, clock tree synthesis has become increasingly significant in the design of ultra-large-scale integrated circuits. Traditional clock tree synthesis methods often face challenges such as insufficient computational resources and buffer fan-out limitations when dealing with ultra-large-scale clock trees. To address this issue, this paper proposes an improved clock tree synthesis algorithm called incomplete balanced KSR (IB-KSR). Building upon the KSR algorithm, this proposed algorithm efficiently reduces the consumption of computational resources and constrains the fan-out of each buffer by incorporating incomplete minimum spanning tree (IMST) technology and a clustering strategy grounded in Balanced Split. In experiments, the IB-KSR algorithm was compared with the GSR algorithm. The results indicated that IB-KSR reduced the global skew of the clock tree by 43.4% and decreased the average latency by 34.3%. Furthermore, during program execution, IB-KSR maintained low computational resource consumption.

The luminescent coupling effect in practical multi-junction solar cell is spatially in-homogeneous even under uniform irradiation and temperature distribution. The spacial inhomogeneity of luminescent coupling is modeled and simulated under various scenarios. Quasi three-dimensional equivalent model of tandem solar cell is extended to adapt to temperature-dependent luminescent coupling. Vertical current of each region of the cell is dominated by temperature or irradiation. In addition, the luminescent coupling current of each subcell pair is mainly regulated by the surface voltage profile of the cell. Front grids, busbars, and lateral resistance have a great impact on the luminescent coupling current. Non-uniform irradiation only affects the shape of contour lines, but the overall trend of luminescent coupling current profile remains unchanged. Moreover, when temperature distribution variance is large, some areas of the photovoltaic cell will reverse bias and convert to a load, which leads to a rather irregular distribution of luminescent coupling current.

Photodetectors are indispensable in a multitude of applications, with the detection of surface defects serving as a cornerstone for their production and advancement. To meet the demands of real-time and accurate defect detection, this paper introduces an optimization algorithm based on the GLV-YOLO model tailored for photodetector defect detection in manufacturing settings. The algorithm achieves a reduction in the model complexity and parameter count by incorporating the GhostC3_MSF module. Additionally, it enhances feature extraction capabilities with the integration of the LSKNet_3 attention mechanism. Furthermore, it improves generalization performance through the utilization of the WIoU loss function, which minimizes geometric penalties. The experimental results showed that the proposed algorithm achieved 98.9% accuracy, with 2.1 million parameters and a computational cost of 7.0 GFLOPs. Compared to other methods, our approach outperforms them in both performance and efficiency, fulfilling the real-time and precise defect detection needs of photodetectors.

Luminescent coupling in a top-limited multi-junction solar cell was investigated by employing a 3D circuit model and semiconductor physics. The calculation methods for computing both electro-luminescent and photo-luminescent coupling efficiencies were introduced. Since the calculation processes were circuit independent, they can be applied directly to any form of an equivalent circuit model of a solar cell. Moreover, an external approach to counteract the luminescent coupling effect was provided, and the luminescent coupling process in a top-limited solar cell was illustrated. Finally, the bias and wavelength dependence of luminescent coupling efficiency was applied to the 3D circuit model, and the simulation results were consistent with the measured data.