Background: The aim of the present review is to provide basic knowledge regarding the treatment of Coronavirus via medicinal plants. Coronavirus (COVID-19, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV) as a viral pneumonia causative agent, has infected thousands of people in China and worldwide. Currently, there is no specific medicine or vaccine available that can treat or prevent this virus and this has posed a severe threat to human health; therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a novel drug or anticoronavirus vaccine. However, natural compounds to treat coronaviruses are the most effective alternative and complementary therapies due to their diverse range of biological and therapeutic properties. Methods: We performed an open-ended, English restricted search of Scopus database, Web of Science, and Pubmed for all available literature from Jan-March, 2020, using terms related to phytochemical compounds, medicinal plants and coronavirus. Results: The view on anti-coronavirus (anti-CoV) activity in the plant-derived phytochemicals and medicinal plants gives a strong base to develop a novel treatment employing these compounds for coronavirus. Various phytochemicals and medicinal plant extracts have been revised and are considered as potential anti-CoV agents for effective control of the virus and future drug development. Herein, we discuss some important plants (Scutellaria baicalensis, Psorothamnus arborescens, Glycyrrhiza radix, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Lycoris radiate, Phyllanthus emblica, Camellia sinensis, Hyptis atrorubens Poit, Fraxinus sieboldiana, Erigeron breviscapus, Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium, Amaranthus tricolor, Phaseolus vulgaris, Rheum palmatum, Curcuma longa and Myrica cerifera) that have emerged to have broad-spectrum antiviral activity. Conclusion: Nigella sativa has potent anti-SARS-CoV activity and it might be a useful source for developing novel antiviral therapies for coronavirus.

Objective: The aim of current study was to explore longitudinally the prevalence, severity, potential factors, and predictors of depression among Chinese Han adolescent survivors with different genotypes of tumor necrosis factor receptor-II (TNF-RII) rs1061622 after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Method: TNF-RII rs1061622 variants were examined by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism and verified by DNA sequencing. Depression symptoms were assessed by Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) among 439 high school students at 6, 12, and 18 months after the earthquake. Results: No significant differences were observed in depression prevalence and BDI scores between the TT homozygotes and the G allele carriers in both the male and female subjects. However, the female TT homozygotes had a higher depression prevalence than the male TT homozygotes at 6, 12, and 18 months, whereas the female G allele carriers had a higher depression prevalence than the male G allele carriers only at 6 and 12 months after the earthquake. Moreover, BDI scores declined in the male subjects with both genotypes and only in the female G allele carriers at 12 months when compared with those at 6 months. Furthermore, the predictors of depression severity or potential factors of depression prevalence were different between the G allele carriers and the TT homozygotes at different times after the earthquake. Conclusion: It is concluded that the association of TNF-RII rs1061622 with depression is longitudinally different in Chinese Han adolescents after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. The T allele may be associated with reduced recovery of depression in female adolescents in the earlier stage of depression rehabilitation.

The aim of the present review is to provide basic knowledge about the role of tumour necrosis factor-α 1 and tumor necrosis factor-α receptor 2 in neuro-inflammation diseases. We performed an open-ended, English restricted search of PubMed, Embase, PsychINFO, Web of Science, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library for available literature from 24Feb. 2018–12 May 2021, using terms related to neuroinflammation, tumour necrosis factor-α, tumour necrosis factor II (TNFR-II), TNF-α and related diseases, TNFR-II and inflammation-related diseases, their relationships, and polymorphism. The main outcomes assessed were the presence of plaques and tangles, behaviour and cognition, reduction in brain tissue mass, and synaptic function the majority of studies were documented a beneficial effect in other areas, including the presence of plaques and tangles and synaptic function. The human studies were showed that TNF-αI was beneficial to Alzheimer's disease patients, with one being a small pilot study and the latter being an observational study, with a high risk of bias. It is concluded that the functions and mechanisms of TNF-α and TNFR-II in inflammation-related diseases will provide new viewpoints and theories in the development and treatment of these diseases. They play important roles in the pathogenesis of diseases induced by or related to inflammatory cytokines and signaling pathways.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major public health problem and leading cause of death globally. COPD fails to receive adequate attention from the health care community and government officials, with these concerns in mind we designed our study. Objective: To find out the incidence of atrial fibrillation in patients with COPD. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from 12^th February 2019 to August, 2020 at the Department of Pulmonology, Ghulam Muhammad Maher Medical College teaching Hospital, Sukkur. N=150 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease were involved in this study. The Criterion for the selection of patients for the study was those patients who was a diagnosed case of COPD. The exclusion criteria were known asthmatic patients and the case of restrictive lung diseases; history of ischemic heart disease, already on cardiac medication, patients with hyperthyroidism whereas the percentages, mean and Standard deviation were computed for study variables. Results: During One year and six months phase, patients who had COPD for > 3-Year duration were explored and study. The mean, SD for age (years) of citizens of Sindh Rural and Urban was 59.52 ± 7.81. Regarding gender, male 64 % and female 36 % individuals whereas the Atrial Fibrillation (AF) was identified in 62 % patients of COPD. Conclusions: High risk of AF has been identified among the COPD patients in Pakistani Populace. Hypertension and CHF among the COPD patients were notable as self-sufficient hazard features for new beginning of AF.