Porcine cysticercosis (PC) caused by Taenia solium larvae is continuing being important zoonotic disease in many developing countries. It poses a serious public health risk and leads to economic losses to pig production industry. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with PC transmission in Nyasa District. To establish the prevalence of PC, a cross-sectional survey was conducted involving 698 pigs by tongue examination, 330 pigs by Ag-ELISA test and 22 pigs by meat inspection. A questionnaire survey was administered to a member of selected households to gather information on pig management and other potential factors that could explain the prevalence of PC in the area. Results showed that 44 pigs were positive by tongue examination (6.3%, 95% C.I. 4.5–8.1%), 110 tested positive for Ag-ELISA (33.3%, 95% C.I. 28.22–38.38%) and meat inspection detected four infected pigs (18.2%, 95% C.I. 2.08–34.32%). Risk factors associated with PC transmission in Nyasa District were free ranging of pigs (p = 0001), sex of pig (p = 0.011), source of pork (p = 0.0001) and outdoor defecation (0.0001). The present findings indicate that PC is endemic in Nyasa District and that free-ranging of pigs in conjunction with limited use of latrines contributes significantly to PC transmission. Therefore, mandatory pig confinement, together with use of latrine/toilets should be considered in controlling PC in Nyasa District.

The maturation and development of T cells were not completed until T cells were selected in thymus. It was not until the early 1960s that j.f.a.p. discovered the importance of thymus in T cell development. Twelve healthy piglets were randomly divided into two groups, the experimental group (LGG group) and the control group (saline group). The LGG group piglets were given 1 ml LGG (6 × 10⁹ CFU/ml) per day. The saline group was given 1 ml of normal saline per day. The piglets were slaughtered at 30 days and 45 days, respectively, and the MLN, jejunum and ileum PPs, LP of the piglets were taken. The expression of CD3⁺CD4⁺ T lymphocytes was detected by flow cytometry, and intestinal villi development was observed by intestinal paraffin section. The results showed that the flow cytometry results at 30 days and 45 days showed that the CD3⁺CD4⁺ T lymphocytes in the MLN group were significantly different from those in the saline group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01).The CD3⁺CD4⁺ T lymphocytes in the jejunum PP of piglets in LGG group were significantly different from those in saline group (P < 0.05). The CD3⁺CD4⁺ T lymphocytes in the ileum PP of the LGG group were significantly different from those in the saline group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). CD3⁺CD4⁺ T lymphocytes and normal saline in the piglets of the LGG group There was a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.001, P < 0.05). P < 0.001). HE staining results showed the length of the LGG group ileal villi in piglets at 30 days, 45 days was significantly different from that in normal saline group (P < 0.01, P < 0.01). LGG can also regulate the proliferation of T lymphocytes in the intestine of early weaned piglets at 30 days and 45 days increase the number of CD3⁺CD4⁺ T lymphocytes.

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Background Rotaviruses are the main cause of animal and infant diarrhea and are widely distributed worldwide. In the pig industry, porcine rotavirus infection is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity; therefore, the optimization and well-organized distribution of vaccines for infection prevention is needed. Because immune responses related to protection are mainly mucosal in nature, the induction of mucosal immunity is significant for preventing porcine rotavirus infection. Methods The major protective VP6 antigens against porcine rotavirus (PRV) expressed by Lactobacillus plantarum NC8-pSIP409-pgsA-VP6-Dcpep were used to orally immunize mice. Western blot analysis and SDS-PAGE were used to confirm the expression of recombinant NC8-pSIP409-pgsA-VP6-Dcpep, and immunofluorescence was also used to verify its surface expression on L. plantarum NC8. Results High levels of mucosal IgA and serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) were produced in mice that were orally immunized with recombinant L. plantarum NC8-pSIP409-pgsA-VP6-Dcpep. Mice immunized with NC8-pSIP409-pgsA-VP6-Dcpep had higher IgA titers than mice immunized with NC8-pSIP409-pgsA and PBS. The mice orally immunized with NC8-pSIP409-pgsA-VP6-Dcpep demonstrated a virus challenge-induced mean fever peak of 38.6°C in the NC8-pSIP409-pgsA-VP6-Dcpep group and 41.1°C in the NC8-pSIP409-pgsA group 4 to 6 days after the challenge, and 7 to 9 days following challenge. Conclusion Our results confirmed that with regard to stimulating mucosal immunity, the VP6 genes of the porcine rotavirus (PRV) Chinese PRV isolate DN30209 strain expressed by L. plantarum NC8 is effective and that Dcpep is superior in its ability to stimulate mucosal immunity, suggesting that this approach can be implanted in pigs.

Rotaviruses are the main cause of animal and infant diarrhea and are widely distributed worldwide. In the pig industry, porcine rotavirus infection is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity; therefore, the optimization and well-organized distribution of vaccines for infection prevention is needed. The molecularimmunological mechanisms of recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum NC8-pSIP409-pgsA-VP6-Dcpep, NC8-pSIP409-pgsA-VP7-Dcpep and NC8-pSIP409-pgsA-VP6-VP7-Dcpep strains against porcine rotavirus were explored. At 12 h after the co-incubation of L. plantarum expressing rotavirus proteins with BMDCs, the effects of the strains on the differentiation of BMDCs were detected by FCM. The results showed that the recombinant strains could significantly promote the activation of BMDCs. The expression of cytokines in the above cells supernatants were detected by ELISA and the results suggested that the recombinant strains could significantly increase the production of IL-12P70 and inhibit the secretion of IL-6. CD4 + and CD8 + T cells from the spleen of non-immunized mice were sorted and cultured with the above activated BMDCs for 48h, and the expressions of IFN-γ + and perforin in the cells and the contents of IFN-γ in the supernatants were determined by FCM and ELISA, respectively. The results showed that the recombinant strains increased the expression of IFN-γ + (4.33%) ofCD4 + T cells and IFN-γ + (7.68%) and perforin (17.50%) of CD8 + T cells, as well as the secretion of cytokines IFN-γ. The expression of IFN-γ + (P<0.001) and perforin (P<0.001) from VP6/VP7-specific CD8 + T cells of spleen and MLN were detected in vivo and the recombinant groups were significantly increased. Moreover, the recombinant groups significantly promoted the proliferation of T cells in the spleen (P<0.001). Our results confirmed that recombinant recombinant L. plantarum strains can effectively induce cellular immune response.