In recent years, the usage of lignocellulosic biomasses in food supplements has become popular. The studies about the development of reliable and short-term methods in the extraction of these active components in lignocellulosic biomasses and the usage of eco-friendly solvents have increased gradually. Traditional extraction methods take a long time and use a large amounts of organic solvents. In addition, the damages of used organic solvents to the environment are high considerably. For this reason, the need for technologies that reduce the extraction time and reduce the use of organic solvents and environmentally friendly "green chemistry" solvents is increasing day by day. In this review, traditional and modern extraction methods were examined and general application areas of these methods were introduced. Traditional extraction methods include maceration, pressing, infusion, digestion, percolation, decoction, reflux, tincture, distillation, and soxhlet methods, and modern extraction methods including pressurized liquid extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, ultrasonic assisted extraction, microwave assisted extraction, pulsed electric field extraction, enzyme assisted extraction methods, and their variation parameters were investigated. It has been seen that modern extraction methods are performed in less amount of sample, lower volume of solvent, lower energy consumption, and shorter extraction times compared to traditional methods. Within the scope of the study, considering all these, it has been determined that modern extraction methods are more applicable to nature-friendly methods than traditional methods. Traditional extraction methods including maceration, pressing, infusion, digestion, percolation, decoction, reflux, tincture, distillation, and soxhlet methods and modern extraction methods including pressurized liquid extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, ultrasonic assisted extraction, microwave assisted extraction, pulsed electric field extraction, enzyme assisted extraction methods and their variation parameters were investigated. It has been seen that modern extraction methods are performed in less amount of sample, lower volume of solvent, lower energy consumption and shorter extraction times compared to traditional methods. Within the scope of the study, considering all these, it has been determined that modern extraction methods are more applicable nature-friendly methods than traditional methods.

The chemical compositions were investigated for pine essential oils obtained through a solvent-free microwave assistance extraction system (ME) and a conventional hydrodistillation system (HD). The essential oils of P. pinea, P. nigra, P. brutia, and P. sylvestris sawdust were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The main components of the pine essential oils were D-limonene (52.8% for ME and 76.6% for HD), β-caryophyllene (12.4% for ME), β-myrcene (2.89% for ME and 1.48% for HD), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (25% for ME and 9.79% for HD), and total sesquiterpene (25.25% for ME and 9.79% for HD) for P. pinea; D-limonene (28.1% for ME and 79.2% for HD) for P. nigra; α-pinene (76.6% for ME and 77.3% for HD), diterpene hydrocarbons (94.17% for ME and 95.62% for HD), and total diterpenes (94.94% for ME and 96.3% for HD) for P. brutia; β-pinene (36.7% for ME and 42.4% for HD), terpineol, (13.8% for ME and 6.06% for HD) diterpene alcohol (26% for ME and 12.57% for HD), and total oxygenated terpenes (26% for ME and 12.57% for HD)for P. sylvestris. Moreover, the ME was able to produce more diterpene alcohols and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons while the HD showed higher potential for the diterpene hydrocarbons. According to the heat-map correlation, P. pinea showed high similarity with P. nigra, while P. sylvestris was related to P. brutia.

The main aim of this chapter is to indicate the importance of additives and modifications used for PVA/starch biohybrid films. The additives and modifications used to improve the mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of films are plasticizers, cross-linkers, fillers, physical and chemical treatment, and natural materials as well as thermoplastic starch. Plasticizers are preferred for higher molecular dynamism because of flexibility of functional groups in PVA and starch. Their flexibility is considerably affected by carboxyl and hydroxyl groups of plasticizers. The use of cofunctional groups increases the plasticity, flexibility, and physicochemical and mechanical properties of films. Moreover, cross-linking modifications are also effective to enhance the properties of biofilms. These modifications improve the tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, water resistance, thermal resistance, swelling behavior, and antibacterial activity of films. Fillers are also used to enhance the properties of PVA/starch films. In this way, the properties such as gas barrier, mechanical stiffness, transparency and thermal stability of the filler-added films are improved. The chemical and physical modifications provide stronger hydrogen bonds in films due to increasing carboxyl groups. Thus, the physical, biological, and chemical properties of films are improved because of the changing molecular structure via esterification, etherification, hydrogen bonding, and oxidation.