Hypoglycemia, a common consequence of diabetes treatment, is associated with severe morbidity and mortality and has become a major barrier to intensifying antidiabetic therapy. Severe hypoglycemia, defined as abnormally low blood glucose requiring the assistance of another person, is associated with seizures and comas, but even mild hypoglycemia can cause troubling symptoms such as anxiety, palpitations, and confusion. Dementia generally refers to the loss of memory, language, problem-solving, and other cognitive functions, which can interfere with daily life, and there is growing evidence that diabetes is associated with an increased risk of both vascular and non-vascular dementia. Neuroglycopenia resulting from a hypoglycemic episode in diabetic patients can lead to the degeneration of brain cells, with a resultant cognitive decline, leading to dementia. In light of new evidence, a deeper understating of the relationship between hypoglycemia and dementia can help to inform and guide preventative strategies. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology of dementia among patients with diabetes, and the emerging mechanisms thought to underlie the association between hypoglycemia and dementia. Furthermore, we discuss the risks of various pharmacological therapies, emerging therapies to combat hypoglycemia-induced dementia, as well as risk minimization strategies.

Background and Objectives: In Bahrain, congenital anomalies (CAs) account for 8.1% of the total deaths in children under 5, indicating a need to understand the patterns, predictors, and prevalence to improve antenatal standards of care and reduce the burden of disease. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and characteristics of CAs in Bahrain and investigate their association with measured neonatal and maternal risk factors. Method: In this five-year retrospective study, data from 31,615 neonates were analyzed, of which 354 had confirmed CAs. Stillbirths, abortions, and CAs discovered later in life were excluded from the study. Results: The prevalence of CAs was determined to be 1.1% (incidence of 11.2 per 1000 births), with 40.1% of the CAs affecting multiple systems. A statistically significant association was found between CAs and nationality, method of conception, gender, method of delivery, diabetes mellitus status, hypertension, and gestational age at birth. However, the association between CAs and multiple gestations was deemed statistically insignificant. Conclusions: As the first study exploring the associations between CAs and potential risk factors and outcomes in Bahrain, it provided a foundation for further exploration of the topic and insight into factors healthcare providers would target during preconception and antenatal care.