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Increasing soil carbon storage and biomass utilization is an effective process for mitigating global warming. Coal bio-briquettes (CBB) are made using two low-ranked coals with high sulfur content, corn stalks, and calcium hydroxide, and the combustion ash can ameliorate the physicochemical properties in salt-affected soil. CBB ash contains mainly calcium compounds, such as calcium sulfate, calcium hydroxide, and calcium carbonate, and coal fly ash and biomass ash. In this paper, changes in soil carbon and nitrogen content through salt-affected soil amelioration during 5 months using two CBB ashes and pig manure were examined in Northeast China. Application rates of CBB ash were 0 tha−1 (control), 11.6 tha−1, 23.2 tha−1, 46.4 tha−1, and 69.6 tha−1. Consequently, total carbon content in topsoil (0–0.15 m) after harvest of maize in all test fields indicated a range between 27.7 tCha−1 and 50.2 tCha−1, and showed increased levels compared to untreated salt-affected soil. In a 3.0% (69.6 tha−1) application plot of only CBB ash with higher carbon and higher exchangeable Ca2+, the carbon content increased by 51.5% compared to control plot, and changes in carbon sequestration compared to untreated soil was roughly twice that of the control plot. CBB ash contributed to carbon application and pig manure supply as a form of N fertilization in the case of all test plots. Changes in carbon content due to soil amelioration have a significant relationship with changes in corn production and soil chemical properties, such as pH, Na+, Cl−, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP). Therefore, CBB production from low-ranked coal and waste biomass, and the use of CBB ash in agriculture is advocated as an effective means for sequestering carbon.
Yuji Sakai; Masataka Nakamura; Chang Wang. Soil Carbon Sequestration Due to Salt-Affected Soil Amelioration with Coal Bio-Briquette Ash: A Case Study in Northeast China. Minerals 2020, 10, 1019 .
AMA StyleYuji Sakai, Masataka Nakamura, Chang Wang. Soil Carbon Sequestration Due to Salt-Affected Soil Amelioration with Coal Bio-Briquette Ash: A Case Study in Northeast China. Minerals. 2020; 10 (11):1019.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYuji Sakai; Masataka Nakamura; Chang Wang. 2020. "Soil Carbon Sequestration Due to Salt-Affected Soil Amelioration with Coal Bio-Briquette Ash: A Case Study in Northeast China." Minerals 10, no. 11: 1019.
According to the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 73% of used clothing is landfilled or incinerated globally and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from fabric manufacturing in 2015 amounted to 1.2 billion tons. It must be reduced in the future, especially by reusing and recycling used clothing. Based on this perspective, researchers calculated the energy consumption and GHG emissions associated with reusing and recycling used clothing globally with a life cycle assessment (LCA). However, no study was conducted so far to estimate the total GHG emission reductions in Japan by reusing and recycling used clothing. In this study, the amount of used clothing currently discharged from households as combustible and noncombustible waste and their fiber types were estimated using literature. Then, the methods for reusing and recycling of used clothing were categorized into the following 5 types based on fiber type, that is, “reuse overseas,” “textile recycling to wipers,” “fiber recycling,” “chemical recycling” and “thermal recycling.” After that, by applying LCA, the GHG emission reductions by above 5 methods were estimated, based on the annual discharged weights of each fiber type. Consequently, the total GHG emissions reductions by reusing and recycling 6.03 × 108 kg of used clothing totally were estimated around 6.60 × 109 kg CO2e, to range between 6.57 × 109 kg CO2e and 6.64 × 109 kg CO2e, which depended on the type of “chemical recycling.” The largest contribution was “reuse overseas,” which was 4.01 × 109 kg CO2e corresponded to approximately 60% of the total reduction. Where, it was assumed that used clothing were exported from Japan to Malaysia which was currently the largest importing country. In this case, GHG emissions to manufacture new clothing in China, the largest country currently to export them to Japan, can be avoided, which are 29.4 kg CO2e and 32.5 kg CO2e respectively for 1 kg jeans and 1 kg T-shirts. Adding the GHG emissions for overseas transportation to this, on average, 32.0 kg CO2e per kg of used clothing was reduced by “reuse overseas,” which was 19.6 times larger than GHG emissions by incineration, 1.63 kg CO2e per kg, in which carbon neutrality for cotton was not counted. As the result, the total GHG emission reductions above mentioned, around 6.60 × 109 kg CO2e, corresponds to 70% of the GHG emissions by incineration of total household garbage in Japan.
Toshiro Semba; Yuji Sakai; Miku Ishikawa; Atsushi Inaba. Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions by Reusing and Recycling Used Clothing in Japan. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8214 .
AMA StyleToshiro Semba, Yuji Sakai, Miku Ishikawa, Atsushi Inaba. Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions by Reusing and Recycling Used Clothing in Japan. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (19):8214.
Chicago/Turabian StyleToshiro Semba; Yuji Sakai; Miku Ishikawa; Atsushi Inaba. 2020. "Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions by Reusing and Recycling Used Clothing in Japan." Sustainability 12, no. 19: 8214.
Soil degradation due to salinity and sodicity is one of the most important impediments to agricultural production. Coal bio-briquettes (CBB) made from coal, biomass, and desulfurizers have been proposed for use in desulfurization and usage of sustainable energy for coal and biomass in China. CBB ash contains calcium compounds such as calcium sulfate, calcium carbonate, and fly ash. The potential improvement of salt-affected soils using ashes from CBB made from two low-quality coals and/or organic manure (OM) was investigated in northeast China. The CBB ash application rates were 0 kg/m2 (control), 1.16 kg/m2, 2.32 kg/m2, 4.64 kg/m2, and 6.96 kg/m2. Following the application of CBB ash and/or co-application of OM, maize production increased significantly, compared to control plots. Moreover, co-application with OM resulted in higher maize production than application of CBB ash only. Soil pH, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), and Na+, HCO3−, and CO32− concentrations decreased, and Ca2+, Mg2+, and SO42− concentrations increased from the start of the experiment to harvesting time. Maize production showed a tendency to increase with increasing CBB ash/OM application rates. The decrease in pH, ESP, and HCO3−, and increase in Ca2+ in the application plots over time was particularly remarkable. Moreover, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) after CBB ash application in the slightly and moderately salt-affected soils increased with increasing application rates. In case of the highest application rate (6.96 kg/m2), using ash from CBB made from lower quality coal, pH and ESP decreased from 9.47 to 7.61, and from 7.0% to 0.98%, respectively, and Ks increased drastically by three orders of magnitude. Therefore, not only soil chemical properties, but also Ks, were improved in salt-affected soils using CBB ash. In addition, the heavy metal content in CBB ashes was below the standard values according to Chinese guidelines. Taken together, these results demonstrate the feasibility of sustainable methods for energy usage and environmental application in China.
Yuji Sakai; Chie Shimizu; Hironori Murata; Hitomi Seto; Ryosuke Fukushima; Takashi Koga; Chang Wang. Changes in Soil Physicochemical Properties and Maize Production Following Improvement of Salt-Affected Soils Using Coal Bio-Briquette Ash in Northeast China. Agronomy 2020, 10, 348 .
AMA StyleYuji Sakai, Chie Shimizu, Hironori Murata, Hitomi Seto, Ryosuke Fukushima, Takashi Koga, Chang Wang. Changes in Soil Physicochemical Properties and Maize Production Following Improvement of Salt-Affected Soils Using Coal Bio-Briquette Ash in Northeast China. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (3):348.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYuji Sakai; Chie Shimizu; Hironori Murata; Hitomi Seto; Ryosuke Fukushima; Takashi Koga; Chang Wang. 2020. "Changes in Soil Physicochemical Properties and Maize Production Following Improvement of Salt-Affected Soils Using Coal Bio-Briquette Ash in Northeast China." Agronomy 10, no. 3: 348.
In order to reduce vehicle emitted greenhouse gases (GHGs) on a global scale, the scope of consideration should be expanded to include the manufacturing, fuel extraction, refinement, power generation, and end-of-life phases of a vehicle, in addition to the actual operational phase. In this paper, the CO2 emissions of conventional gasoline and diesel internal combustion engine vehicles (ICV) were compared with mainstream alternative powertrain technologies, namely battery electric vehicles (BEV), using life-cycle assessment (LCA). In most of the current studies, CO2 emissions were calculated assuming that the region where the vehicles were used, the lifetime driving distance in that region and the CO2 emission from the battery production were fixed. However, in this paper, the life cycle CO2 emissions in each region were calculated taking into consideration the vehicle’s lifetime driving distance in each region and the deviations in CO2 emissions for battery production. For this paper, the US, European Union (EU), Japan, China, and Australia were selected as the reference regions for vehicle operation. The calculated results showed that CO2 emission from the assembly of BEV was larger than that of ICV due to the added CO2 emissions from battery production. However, in regions where renewable energy sources and low CO2 emitting forms of electric power generation are widely used, as vehicle lifetime driving distance increase, the total operating CO2 emissions of BEV become less than that of ICV. But for BEV, the CO2 emissions for replacing the battery with a new one should be added when the lifetime driving distance is over 160,000 km. Moreover, it was shown that the life cycle CO2 emission of ICV was apt to be smaller than that of BEV when the CO2 emissions for battery production were very large.
Ryuji Kawamoto; Hideo Mochizuki; Yoshihisa Moriguchi; Takahiro Nakano; Masayuki Motohashi; Yuji Sakai; Atsushi Inaba. Estimation of CO2 Emissions of Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle and Battery Electric Vehicle Using LCA. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2690 .
AMA StyleRyuji Kawamoto, Hideo Mochizuki, Yoshihisa Moriguchi, Takahiro Nakano, Masayuki Motohashi, Yuji Sakai, Atsushi Inaba. Estimation of CO2 Emissions of Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle and Battery Electric Vehicle Using LCA. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (9):2690.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRyuji Kawamoto; Hideo Mochizuki; Yoshihisa Moriguchi; Takahiro Nakano; Masayuki Motohashi; Yuji Sakai; Atsushi Inaba. 2019. "Estimation of CO2 Emissions of Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle and Battery Electric Vehicle Using LCA." Sustainability 11, no. 9: 2690.
Large-scale afforestation is a key measure to mitigate global warming, however, implementation may result in land-use competition with agriculture. To avoid such competition, carbon mitigation methods using arid and semi-arid areas have been proposed, but to our knowledge there is no report of rates of sequestration based on long-term observations from actual experimentation. In this study (1999–2015), in an arid area near Leonora, Western Australia (annual rainfall: 220 mm year−1; pan evaporation: 3400 mm year−1), carbon sequestration was assessed in above and below ground biomass in Eucalyptus camaldulensis under ambient conditions and with active site amelioration (combination of water harvesting with large mounds and hardpan blasting). The carbon sequestration rate was estimated at 7.92 Mg-CO2-e ha−1 year−1 for a total carbon sink of 230 Mg-CO2-e ha−1. Carbon mitigation may thus be a viable option in arid regions, not only in Western Australia but globally, and can be enhanced with active site engineering.
Hideki Suganuma; Shin-Ichi Aikawa; Yuji Sakai; Hiroyuki Hamano; Nobuhide Takahashi; Kiyotaka Tahara; Satoko Kawarasaki; Hajime Utsugi; Yasuyuki Egashira; Takuya Kawanishi; Richard J. Harper; Hiroyuki Tanouchi; Toshinori Kojima; Yukuo Abe; Masahiro Saito; Shigeru Kato; John Law; Koichi Yamada. Estimation of CO2 sequestration potential by afforestation in the arid rangelands of Western Australia based on long-term empirical data. Ecological Engineering 2019, 133, 109 -120.
AMA StyleHideki Suganuma, Shin-Ichi Aikawa, Yuji Sakai, Hiroyuki Hamano, Nobuhide Takahashi, Kiyotaka Tahara, Satoko Kawarasaki, Hajime Utsugi, Yasuyuki Egashira, Takuya Kawanishi, Richard J. Harper, Hiroyuki Tanouchi, Toshinori Kojima, Yukuo Abe, Masahiro Saito, Shigeru Kato, John Law, Koichi Yamada. Estimation of CO2 sequestration potential by afforestation in the arid rangelands of Western Australia based on long-term empirical data. Ecological Engineering. 2019; 133 ():109-120.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHideki Suganuma; Shin-Ichi Aikawa; Yuji Sakai; Hiroyuki Hamano; Nobuhide Takahashi; Kiyotaka Tahara; Satoko Kawarasaki; Hajime Utsugi; Yasuyuki Egashira; Takuya Kawanishi; Richard J. Harper; Hiroyuki Tanouchi; Toshinori Kojima; Yukuo Abe; Masahiro Saito; Shigeru Kato; John Law; Koichi Yamada. 2019. "Estimation of CO2 sequestration potential by afforestation in the arid rangelands of Western Australia based on long-term empirical data." Ecological Engineering 133, no. : 109-120.
Polyethylene terephthalate widely used as fibre materials and container packaging materials is produced by the condensation polymerisation of monoethylene glycol and terephthalic acid. Monoethylene glycol and terephthalic acid have been conventionally manufactured using petroleum as the raw material, however monoethylene glycol has recently been manufactured from biomass as the raw material from the viewpoint of reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Recently, a process for manufacturing para-xylene from ethanol was developed, and 100% bio-derived polyethylene terephthalate using terephthalic acid produced by para-xylene obtained from bio-based ethanol and bio-based monoethylene glycol is currently under development. However, a study of calculating greenhouse gas emissions from 100% bio-derived polyethylene terephthalate has not been reported. In this study, greenhouse gas emissions of 100% bio-derived polyethylene terephthalate were calculated using material balance data from the production process of para-xylene from ethanol under development. This methodology complied with the life cycle inventory study of ISO 14040 (2006) and 14044 (2006). As the result, greenhouse gas emissions of 100% bio-derived polyethylene terephthalate, assuming that bio-para-xylene is produced by 20% of sugarcane and 80% of corn, decreased by 24.0% compared with those of petroleum-derived polyethylene terephthalate. In addition, the greenhouse gas emissions of 100% bio-derived polyethylene terephthalate using bio-based ethanol obtained only from sugarcane as the raw material of bio-based para-xylene were 1.88 kg-CO2e/kg-polyethylene terephthalate, which demonstrates the potential to decrease greenhouse gas emissions from petroleum-derived polyethylene terephthalate by about 58%.
Toshiro Semba; Yuji Sakai; Tatsuya Sakanishi; Atsushi Inaba. Greenhouse gas emissions of 100% bio-derived polyethylene terephthalate on its life cycle compared with petroleum-derived polyethylene terephthalate. Journal of Cleaner Production 2018, 195, 932 -938.
AMA StyleToshiro Semba, Yuji Sakai, Tatsuya Sakanishi, Atsushi Inaba. Greenhouse gas emissions of 100% bio-derived polyethylene terephthalate on its life cycle compared with petroleum-derived polyethylene terephthalate. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2018; 195 ():932-938.
Chicago/Turabian StyleToshiro Semba; Yuji Sakai; Tatsuya Sakanishi; Atsushi Inaba. 2018. "Greenhouse gas emissions of 100% bio-derived polyethylene terephthalate on its life cycle compared with petroleum-derived polyethylene terephthalate." Journal of Cleaner Production 195, no. : 932-938.
Environmental and health problems due to sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission are serious issues in China. In this study, we developed a model to assess the total economic and environmental impact on an area subsequent to installation of desulfurization facilities. A model based on the number of new patients with respiratory illness in Shenyang City, China and the corresponding environmental SO2 concentration was first constructed and subsequently integrated into an air diffusion model for SO2. Changes in the SO2 concentration and the number of patients were then simulated, and the effects of desulfurization by-products on salt-affected soil amelioration were assessed in a number of scenarios where desulfurization facilities were installed in combustion plants. From the data, it is projected that the introduction of a wet limestone–gypsum process in large plants, an integrated desulfurization and water-film dust collection process in medium- and small-scale plants, and coal bio-briquettes in households should result in SO2 concentrations below the stipulated SO2 limit for urban residential areas in China. Moreover, a large decrease in the number of new patients and in the total number of patients at the year-end was forecasted for the years following the introduction of these facilities. Additionally, the present findings indicate that amelioration of salt-affected soil using desulfurization by-products is a prospectively effective method for increasing corn and rice production for potential alleviation of food shortages in China.
Yuji Sakai; Satoshi Nakano; Chang Wang; Hirofumi Kito. Evaluation of SO2 Emissions and Health Effects Following the Installation of Desulfurization Facilities and Coal Bio-Briquette Technology in China. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 2015, 48, 491 -497.
AMA StyleYuji Sakai, Satoshi Nakano, Chang Wang, Hirofumi Kito. Evaluation of SO2 Emissions and Health Effects Following the Installation of Desulfurization Facilities and Coal Bio-Briquette Technology in China. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN. 2015; 48 (6):491-497.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYuji Sakai; Satoshi Nakano; Chang Wang; Hirofumi Kito. 2015. "Evaluation of SO2 Emissions and Health Effects Following the Installation of Desulfurization Facilities and Coal Bio-Briquette Technology in China." JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 48, no. 6: 491-497.