The statistical literature on tests to compare treatments after the analysis of variance is reviewed, and the use of these tests in ecology is examined. Monte Carlo simulations on normal and lognormal data indicate that many of the tests commonly used are inappropriate or inefficient. Particular tests are recommended for unplanned multiple comparisons on the basis of controlling experimentwise type I error rate and providing maximum power. These include tests for parametric and nonparametric cases, equal and unequal sample sizes, homogeneous and heterogeneous variances, non—independent means (repeated measures or adjusted means), and comparing treatments to a control. Formulae and a worked example are provided. The problem of violations of assumptions, especially variance heterogeneity, was investigated using simulations, and particular strategies are recommended. The advantages and use of planned comparisons in ecology are discussed, and the philosophy of hypothesis testing with unplanned multiple comparisons is considered in relation to confidence intervals and statistical estimation.

Larval statoliths of the temperate neogastropod Concholepas concholepas (Bruguière, 1789) appear to have great utility for reconstructing larval dispersal history. Hatch- ing marks on the statoliths seem to demarcate the natal core of recent recruits. Analysis of individual larval statoliths by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) indicates detectable levels of multiple trace ele- ments. Differences in Ba/Ca, Zn/Ca, and Pb/Ca in the larval core of C. concholepas statoliths from 3 geographically sepa- rated sites in Chile suggest these mineralized hard parts could function as natural tags of natal origin and hence be useful in ecological studies of larval dispersal pathways.