Background: The human digestive system contains approximately 100 trillion bacteria. The gut microbiota is an emerging field of research that is associated with specific biological processes in many diseases, including cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, brain disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer. Emerging evidence indicates that the gut microbiota affects the response to anticancer therapies by modulating the host immune system. Recent studies have explained a high correlation between the gut microbiota and breast cancer: dysbiosis in breast cancer may regulate the systemic inflammatory response, hormone metabolism, immune response, and the tumor microenvironment. Some of the gut bacteria are related to estrogen metabolism, which may increase or decrease the risk of breast cancer by changing the number of hormones. Further, the gut microbiota has been seen to modulate the immune system in respect of its ability to protect against and treat cancers, with a specific focus on hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Probiotics and other therapies claiming to control the gut microbiome by bacterial means might be useful in the prevention, or even in the treatment, of breast cancer. Conclusions: The present review underlines the various aspects of gut microbiota in breast cancer risk and its clinical application, warranting research on individualized microbiome-modulated therapeutic approaches to breast cancer treatment.

Background: Since the root nodules formation is regulated by specific and complex interactions of legume and rhizobial genes, there are still too many questions to be answered about the role of the genes involved in the regulation of the nodulation signaling pathway. Results: The genetic and biological roles of the isoflavone-7-O-beta-glucoside 6″-O-malonyltransferase gene GsIMaT2 from wild soybean (Glycine soja) in the regulation of nodule and root growth in soybean (Glycine max) were examined in this work. The effect of overexpressing GsIMaT2 from G. soja on the soybean nodulation signaling system and strigolactone production was investigated. We discovered that the GsIMaT2 increased nodule numbers, fresh nodule weight, root weight, and root length by boosting strigolactone formation. Furthermore, we examined the isoflavone concentration of transgenic G. max hairy roots 10 and 20 days after rhizobial inoculation. Malonyldaidzin, malonylgenistin, daidzein, and glycitein levels were considerably higher in GsMaT2-OE hairy roots after 10- and 20-days of Bradyrhizobium japonicum infection compared to the control. These findings suggest that isoflavones and their biosynthetic genes play unique functions in the nodulation signaling system in G. max. Conclusions: Finally, our results indicate the potential effects of the GsIMaT2 gene on soybean root growth and nodulation. This study provides novel insights for understanding the epistatic relationship between isoflavones, root development, and nodulation in soybean. Highlights: * Cloning and Characterization of 7-O-beta-glucoside 6″-O-malonyltransferase (GsIMaT2) gene from wild soybean (G. soja). * The role of GsIMaT2 gene in the regulation of root nodule development. *Overexpression of GsMaT2 gene increases the accumulation of isoflavonoid in transgenic soybean hairy roots. * This gene could be used for metabolic engineering of useful isoflavonoid production.

Honeybees play a vital role in the world’s food supply by acting as essential pollinators in the agricultural fields. Interestingly, more than one third of the world’s essential crops are honeybee’s dependant. The adult honeybeeworkers harbour a simple specific bacterial spectrum in their guts with vital role in bees’ health. Gut microbial diversity of adult honeybee workerswasstudied through targeting the V3 and V4 regions of the 16S rRNA geneviaIllumina MiSeq. The study identified four phyla of the gut microbiomesinadult workersof the two-honeybee subspecies A.m. jemeniticaandA.m. carnica. The most abundant phylum in microbiome of A.m. jemeniticawasFirmicutes (48%), while Protobacteria and Actinobacteriaphylawere less abundantat figures of31% and 10%, respectively. In microbiome of A.m. carnica,Firmicutes (57%) was also the most dominant phylum, while Protobacteria and Actinobacteria had lower prevalence at figures of 31% and 10%, respectively. At genus level, adult honeybee workers harboured a number ofLactobacillus spp.in their guts with relative abundance of 80% in A.m. jemeniticaworkers compared to52%forA.m. carnicaworkers.Up toour knowledge, this is the first study of its kind on gut microbiome diversity inhoneybee workersof different origins conducted in Saudi Arabia using high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing technology. The results indicatedthat the variability inmonophyletic origin of host of honeybee workers affectedgut microbiota composition.

The coral microbiome is highly related to the overall health and the survival and proliferation of coral reefs. The Red Sea’s unique physiochemical characteristics, such a significant north–south temperature and salinity gradient, make it a very intriguing research system. However, the Red Sea is rather isolated, with a very diversified ecosystem rich in coral communities, and the makeup of the coral-associated microbiome remains little understood. Therefore, comprehending the makeup and dispersion of the endogenous microbiome associated with coral is crucial for understanding how the coral microbiome coexists and interacts, as well as its contribution to temperature tolerance and resistance against possible pathogens. Here, we investigate metagenomic sequencing targeting 16S rRNA using DNAs from the sediment samples to identify the coral microbiome and to understand the dynamics of microbial taxa and genes in the surface mucous layer (SML) microbiome of the coral communities in three distinct areas close to and far from coral communities in the Red Sea. These findings highlight the genomic array of the microbiome in three areas around and beneath the coral communities and revealed distinct bacterial communities in each group, where Pseudoalteromonas agarivorans (30%), Vibrio owensii (11%), and Pseudoalteromonas sp. Xi13 (10%) were the most predominant species in samples closer to coral (a coral-associated microbiome), with the domination of Pseudoalteromonas_agarivorans and Vibrio_owensii in Alshreah samples distant from coral, while Pseudoalteromonas_sp._Xi13 was more abundant in closer samples. Moreover, Proteobacteria such as Pseudoalteromonas, Pseudomonas and Cyanobacteria were the most prevalent phyla of the coral microbiome. Further, Saweehal showed the highest diversity far from corals (52.8%) and in Alshreah (7.35%) compared to Marwan (1.75%). The microbial community was less diversified in the samples from Alshreah Far (5.99%) and Marwan Far (1.75%), which had comparatively lower values for all indices. Also, Vibrio species were the most prevalent microorganisms in the coral mucus, and the prevalence of these bacteria is significantly higher than those found in the surrounding saltwater. These findings reveal that there is a notable difference in microbial diversity across the various settings and locales, revealing that geographic variables and coral closeness affect the diversity of microbial communities. There were significant differences in microbial community composition regarding the proximity to coral. In addition, there were strong positive correlations between genera Pseudoalteromonas and Vibrio in close-to-coral environments, suggesting that these bacteria may play a synergistic role in Immunizing coral, raising its tolerance towards environmental stress and overall coral health.

The coral microbiome is highly related to the overall health and the survival and proliferation of coral reefs. As the Red Sea's unique physiochemical characteristics, such a significant north-south temperature and salinity gradient, make it a very intriguing research system. However, the Red Sea is rather isolated, with a very diversified ecosystem rich in coral communities, its makeup of the coral-associated microbiome remains little understood. Therefore, comprehending the makeup and dispersion of the endogenous microbiome associated with coral is crucial for understanding how the coral microbiome coexists and interacts, as well as its contribution to temperature tolerance and resistance against possible pathogens. Here we investigate, metgenomic sequencing targeting the 16S rRNA was performed using DNAs from the sediment samples to identify the coral microbi-ome and to understand the dynamics of microbial taxa and genes in the surface mucous layer (SML) microbiome of the coral communities in three distinct areas close to and far from coral communi-ties in the Red Sea. These findings highlighted the genomic array of the microbiome in three areas around and beneath the coral communities, an revealed distinct bacterial communities in each group, where Pseudoalteromonas agarivorans (30%), Vibrio owensii (11%), and Pseudoalteromonas sp. Xi13 (10%) were the most predominant species in samples closer to coral (a coral-associated mi-crobiome), with the domination of Pseudoalteromonas_agarivorans and Vibrio_owensii in Alshreah samples distant from coral, while Pseudoalteromonas_sp._Xi13 was more abundant in closer sam-ples.Moreover, Proteobacteria such as Pseudoalteromonas, Pseudomonas and Cyanobacteria were the most prevalent phyla of coral microbiome. Further in Saweehal showed highest diversity far from corals 52.8% and in Alshreah close (7.35%), than at Marwan ( 1.75%). The microbial community was less diversified in the samples from Alshreah Far (5.99%) and Marwan Far (1.75%), which had comparatively lower values for all indices. Also, Vibrio species were the most prevalent microor-ganisms in the coral mucus, and the prevalence of these bacteria is significantly higher than those found in the surrounding saltwater. These findings reveal that there is a notable difference in mi-crobial diversity across the various settings and locales, revealing that geographic variables and coral closeness affect the diversity of microbial communities. There were significant differences in microbial community composition regarding the proximity to coral. Besides, there were strong pos-itive correlations between genera Pseudoalteromonas and Vibrio in close-to-coral environments, suggesting that these bacteria may play a synergistic role in immuring coral, rising its tolerance to-wards environmental stress and overall coral health.