Brain tumors are among the most common malignant tumors of the central nervous system, with high mortality and recurrence rates. Radiomics extracts quantitative features from medical images, converting them into predictive biomarkers for tumor diagnosis, prognosis, and survival analysis. Despite the invasiveness and heterogeneity of brain tumors, even with timely treatment, the overall survival time or survival probability is not necessarily favorable. Therefore, accurate prediction of brain tumor grade and survival outcomes is important for personalized treatment. In this study, we propose a radiomic model for the non-invasive prediction of brain tumor grade and patient survival outcomes. We used four magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences from 159 patients with glioma. Four classifiers were employed based on whether feature selection was applied. The features were derived from regions of interest identified and corrected either manually or automatically. The extreme gradient boosting (XGB) model with 3860 radiomic features achieved the highest classification performance, with an AUC of 98.20%, in distinguishing LGG from GBM images using manually corrected labels. Similarly, the Random Forest (RF) model exhibits the best discrimination between short-term and long-term survival groups with a p-value < 0.0003, a hazard ratio (HR) value of 3.24, and a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.63–4.43 based on the ICC features. The experimental findings demonstrate strong classification accuracy and effectively predict survival outcomes in glioma patients.