Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer, and despite significant therapeutic advances over the past decade, a substantial number of patients still progress to a fatal outcome. The initiation and progression of melanoma are strongly influenced by interactions between melanoma cells and other components of the tumor microenvironment (TME). In this review, we focus on the interplay between fibroblasts resident in the tumor microenvironment and tumor cells. In particular, we examine the molecular mechanisms through which melanoma cells induce the transformation of resident fibroblasts into their active form, known as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). We also explore the role of CAFs in shaping the melanoma microenvironment (MME) and in organizing the pre-metastatic niche, a specialized microenvironment that forms in distant organs or tissues to support the survival and expansion of metastatic melanoma cells. Finally, we discuss emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at disrupting the interactions between CAFs, melanoma cells, and other components of the tumor microenvironment to improve treatment outcomes.

In recent years, the concept of the myofascial network has transformed biomechanical understanding by emphasizing the body as an integrated, multidirectional system. This study advances that paradigm by applying graph theory to model the osteo-myofascial system as an anatomical network, enabling the identification of topologically central nodes involved in force transmission, stability, and coordination. Using the aNETomy model and the BIOMECH 3.4 database, we constructed an undirected network of 2208 anatomical nodes and 7377 biomechanical relationships. Centrality analysis (degree, betweenness, and closeness) revealed that structures such as the sacrum and thoracolumbar fascia exhibit high connectivity and strategic importance within the network. These findings, while derived from a theoretical modeling approach, suggest that such key nodes may inform targeted treatment strategies, particularly in complex or compensatory musculoskeletal conditions. The proposed concept of a polyconnective skeleton (PCS) synthesizes the most influential anatomical hubs into a functional core of the system. This framework may support future clinical and technological applications, including integration with imaging modalities, real-time monitoring, and predictive modeling for personalized and preventive medicine.