One of the most common plastics in the marine environment is polystyrene (PS) that can be broken down to micro sized particles. Marine organisms are vulnerable to the exposure to microplastics. This study assesses the effects of PS microplastics in tissues of the clam Scrobicularia plana. Clams were exposed to 1mgL^-1 (20μm) for 14days, followed by 7days of depuration. A qualitative analysis by infrared spectroscopy in diffuse reflectance mode period detected the presence of microplastics in clam tissues upon exposure, which were not eliminated after depuration. The effects of microplastics were assessed by a battery of biomarkers and results revealed that microplastics induce effects on antioxidant capacity, DNA damage, neurotoxicity and oxidative damage. S. plana is a significant target to assess the environmental risk of PS microplastics.

A simple method to determine the fluorescence quantum yield (ϕ_F) of dyes adsorbed on microcrystalline cellulose is presented. The method is based on corrected fluorescence emission spectra and can easily be applied provided the energy profile of excitation is accurately determined. The quantitative determination of ϕ_F is based on the ratio of the slopes of curves which correlate the fluorescence intensity and the absorbed light for both standard and unknown samples. The evaluation of the absorbed light is done by determining the reflectance R through the use of an integrating sphere. The remission function can then be determined as a function of wavelength in the two cases. Rhodamine 101 (R101), a rigid molecule with unitary ϕ_F, was used as a standard compound to determine the ϕ_F values for rhodamine 6G (R6G) and auramine O (AURO), all dyes adsorbed on cellulose, and we obtained 1.02 ± 0.03 and 0.14 ± 0.01, respectively. Strong aggregation was detected for the two rhodamine dyes in the ground state, which we assign to dimer formation known to influence the fluorescence emission with respect to absorbed intensity. AURO does not aggregate when adsorbed on microcrystalline cellulose for loadings up to 10 µmol g^–1. The intensity of the emission depends on concentration in all cases, but no emission was detected from the aggregated forms of the two rhodamines. The ground-state diffuse reflectance study for R101 and R6G enables us to determine the equilibrium constants for dimer formation of these two rhodamines adsorbed on cellulose which are K_D= 0.4 × 10⁶ and 1.3 × 10⁶ mol g^–1, respectively. The results obtained for ϕ_F of these dyes show that the method is sensitive, making it possible to determine emissions from samples ranging from 1 nmol of the dye per gram of cellulose up to 10 µmol g^–1. The determination of quantum yields can be obtained with an accuracy >3%.