Desert landscapes are widely distributed in the arid northern China. The Badain Jaran Desert (BJD) is located north-west of the Tengger Desert (TD) and Ulan Buh Desert (UBD), with the Yabrai and Bayan Ulan Mountains separating the BJD from the TD and UBD. Many sand belts with an orientation of NW-SE, which is similar to that of the prevailing sand-transporting winds, connect the BJD with the TD and UBD, forming the sand transportation routes from the BJD to the TD and UBD. Thus, these sand belts are sensitive to the expansion or shrinkage of the BJD, whose chronologies could be critical for understanding the evolution of the BJD. However, age data are still very limited. In this study, field investigation and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating have been conducted in 14 profiles, and 24 OSL ages are obtained. The OSL ages range from approximately 15 ka to modern. Our results and previous chronological data revealed that the BJD’s expansion initiated at 20 ka, and the present-day landscape formed within the latest 2 ka with periodic expansions at 19–15, 11–9, 7.3 and 6–5 ka. We propose that these expansions of the BJD before ~5 ka and during the 0.9–0.8 ka interval were responses to regionally low effective moisture conditions in north-western China, while the expansions at ~2 ka and within the latest 200 years were likely triggered by intensified human activity.