Terrestrial laser scanners (TLS) are widely employed in structural health monitoring (SHM) of large objects due to their superior capabilities compared to traditional geodetic methods. TLS provides rapid and detailed data on the geometric properties of objects, enabling various types of analyses. In this study, TLS was utilized to examine the minaret of the Bjelave Mosque, located in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The inclination of the minaret was assessed using principal component analysis (PCA) and linear regression (LR) applied to sampled data from four edges of the minaret’s body. The geodetically determined inclination values were used as input data for subsequent static and pushover analyses conducted in DIANA FEA, where the minaret was modeled. The analyses indicate that the inclination increases stress and strain, leading to larger cracks and reduced structural capacity, as demonstrated by the pushover analysis curves. This study highlights the combined impact of structural inclination, water infiltration, and settlement on the minaret’s integrity and proposes these findings as a basis for future maintenance and strengthening measures.

Single-beam echo sounders have gained popularity for various applications due to their compact dimensions, ease of use, and cost-effectiveness. The question that often arises among the users is whether these devices can fulfill the necessary accuracy requirements. This paper concentrates on assessing the accuracy that can be achieved using a single-beam echo sounder. An accuracy assessment was performed by comparing the depths derived from the 3D model created from the single-beam echo sounder data to those obtained through more accurate and independent method (tacheometric surveying) in the test area. Accurate depth determination was achieved through trigonometric leveling, employing a specific methodology that allows for precise depth measurements up to 4.5 meters. The assessment results were compared to the vertical accuracy requirements for surveying and mapping in shallow waters, recommended by the International Hydrographic Organization. The results indicate that, with a 95% probability, the depths determined by the single-beam echo sounder meet the total vertical uncertainty (TVU) requirements specified by the S-44 standard for Order 1a survey.

Deformation analysis is a complex procedure where, based on several periodic geodetic measurements, displacements of points in the geodetic network are detected and determined. On this basis, movements and deformations of the built and natural environment are detected. The article discusses the Squared Msplit estimation, an extension of the maximum likelihood method, which is one of the procedures used in deformation analysis. The equations of the Squared Msplit estimation are derived and the method is presented on 2D geodetic network case study. The effectiveness of the presented method is compared with the results of other deformation analysis approaches performed with the same numerical example. The results obtained using the Squared Msplit estimation slightly differ from the simulated values, with the maximum discrepancy being 11.5 mm at unstable points and 10.4 mm at stable points, which are satisfactory results. The findings indicate that the Squared Msplit estimation provides results comparable to other methods. Therefore, it is considered suitable for deformation analysis and can be regarded as one of the applicable procedures in this field.

Satellite positioning methods [global navigation satellite system (GNSS) positioning] are used for various applications, which is especially true in the case of the real-time kinematic (RTK) method. This method provides real-time differential data for surveyors to achieve reliable positioning accuracy. In this paper, theoretical foundations for testing the GNSS receivers according to ISO 17123-8 standard are introduced. Using this standard, the positioning performance of a geodetic GNSS receiver Trimble R8s was evaluated using Bosnian Active GNSS Network Bosnia and Herzegovina positioning service (BIHPOS) and a conventional base-rover RTK solution. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between the ranging pole support and the quality of the RTK position solution. Besides that, results from RTK positioning using a single base station versus a network of base stations are also compared. Several comprehensive tests were conducted, which involved the most common field procedures where the pole is hand-held by the surveyor and positioned vertically using a circular bubble, whereas in other experiments, a bipod was attached to the range pole, and the GNSS instrument was mounted directly to a tripod via optical plummet-equipped tribrach. The precision, absolute accuracy, and relative accuracy of positioning solutions obtained from these experiments were compared and discussed. The results indicate that regardless of how the RTK range pole was supported, the effect of rover pole holding is within the error of satellite surveys. Furthermore, it was confirmed that using a bipod or a steady hand can produce as accurate RTK results as a tripod.