Patella baja in total knee arthroplasty can result in impingement, pain, and decreased range of motion. Etiology can range from previous knee surgeries such as anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, retrograde femoral nail, infrapatellar fat pad resection, and previous total knee arthroplasty. Diagnosis can be confirmed by one of a number of measurements of patellar height including Insall-Salvati and Blackburne-Peel ratios. It is important to differentiate between true patella baja and pseudopatella baja by patellar height ratio. Treatment includes correct identification of the underlying etiology and appropriate management. Surgical management strategies include tibial tubercle osteotomy, distal femoral augment and revision, proximalization of the patellar component, modification of the anterior tibial component, and/or Z-plasty of the patellar tendon. We review the outcomes for each of these procedures.

» The rate of dislocation after primary total hip arthroplasty has decreased, but given the high volume of total hip arthroplasty procedures that are performed, dislocation remains a common complication. » The etiology of dislocation after total hip arthroplasty is multifactorial and depends on the patient’s characteristics as well as the orthopaedic surgeon’s operative techniques and decisions regarding implants. » A detailed assessment of the patient, preoperative planning, a thorough understanding of the anatomy, proper surgical technique, and knowledge of the biomechanics of the implant decrease the likelihood of dislocations following total hip arthroplasty. » The advent of new techniques and procedures has further reduced the occurrence of dislocation following total hip arthroplasty. However, should dislocation occur, primary management or revision total hip arthroplasty techniques provide excellent results to salvage the mobility and function of the hip.